Virtual Ontogeny of Cortical Growth Preceding Mental Illness

Background: Morphology of the human cerebral cortex differs across psychiatric disorders, with neurobiology and developmental origins mostly undetermined. Deviations in the tangential growth of the cerebral cortex during pre/perinatal periods may be reflected in individual variations in cortical surface area later in life. Methods: Interregional profiles of group differences in surface area between cases and controls were generated using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging from 27,359 individuals including those with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and high general psychopathology (through the Child Behavior Checklist). Similarity of interregional profiles of group differences in surface area and prenatal cell-specific gene expression was assessed. Results: Across the 11 cortical regions, group differences in cortical area for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and Child Behavior Checklist were dominant in multimodal association cortices. The same interregional profiles were also associated with interregional profiles of (prenatal) gene expression specific to proliferative cells, namely radial glia and intermediate progenitor cells (greater expression, larger difference), as well as differentiated cells, namely excitatory neurons and endothelial and mural cells (greater expression, smaller difference). Finally, these cell types were implicated in known pre/perinatal risk factors for psychosis. Genes coexpressed with radial glia were enriched with genes implicated in congenital abnormalities, birth weight, hypoxia, and starvation. Genes coexpressed with endothelial and mural genes were enriched with genes associated with maternal hypertension and preterm birth. Conclusions: Our findings support a neurodevelopmental model of vulnerability to mental illness whereby prenatal risk factors acting through cell-specific processes lead to deviations from typical brain development during pregnancy

Forçamento de brotação em batata cultivar Aracy (IAC-2) para o teste de pré-cultura Evaluation of methods for breaking the dormancy of potato seed pieces, cv. Aracy (IAC 2) for the determination of potato seed quality

A implantação do teste da pré-cultura é condição necessária para a melhoria da certificação da batata-semente no Brasil. Esse teste permite o aprimoramento da determinação da sanidade do material produzido, principalmente no tocante à porcentagem de plantas contaminadas pelo vírus do enrolamento da folha da batata (VEFB), um dos principais fatores limitantes da produção de batata-semente, e de outros problemas fitossanitários transmissíveis pelo tubérculo. Um dos principais pontos de restrição a seu emprego é o tempo necessário para a obtenção de leitura final efetiva. Para determinar o melhor método de forçamento de gemas que permitisse a leitura final, foi realizado em 1983, no município de Tietê (SP), um ensaio com diferentes métodos de forçamento, empregando o cultivar Aracy (IAC-2), proveniente de campo com cerca de 20% de infecção do tubérculo-mãe pelo VEFB. Os tratamentos utilizados foram os seguintes: (1) testemunha; (2) tratamento de tubérculos com CS2, 30cm³/m³ de câmara, durante 48h; (3) imersão de gemas em solução contendo 1 ppm de ácido giberélico por 10 minutos; (4) idem, solução contendo 2ppm; (5) tratamento 2 + tratamento 3; (6) tratamento 2 + tratamento 4. Foram realizadas cinco observações, até 50 dias após o plantio, dos seguintes pontos: porcentagem de emergência, altura das plantas, número de folhas na haste principal e de hastes por gema, porcentagem de VEFB e facilidade de leitura. O plantio foi realizado em canteiros, com terra esterilizada, plantando gemas em espaçamento de 0,25 x 0,10 cm. Os tratamentos que propiciaram germinação precoce foram os que utilizaram a combinação dos dois produtos (CS2 e ácido giberélico), sendo a diferença diminuída no decorrer das leituras. O tratamento 5 apresentou plantas em condições ideais de leitura num período de tempo mais curto.<br>For the Brazilian conditions, the determination of the quality of a potato field, grown for seed purposes cannot be done based only in field inspections. A post control method is already recommended, based on the removal of spheric seed pieces from the crown end of tuber samples and their planting for further determination of their phytosanitary quality. In order to determine the best way for breaking the dormancy of seed pieces of the cv. Aracy (IAC-2) a late cultivar, which ought produce plants of easy determination of secondary infection with the potato leafroll virus (PLRV), a trial was carried out with six treatments in 1983, at Tietê, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The treatments were: 1 - check control; 2 - whole tubers treated with CS2 (30 cc/m³ of chamber during 48 hours) and posterior removal of the eyes; 3 - immersion of the seed pieces in a solution containing 1 ppm of gibberellic acid (G.A.); 4 - the same, in a 2 ppm G.A solution; 5 - treatment 2 plus treatment 3; and 6 - treatment 2 plus treatment 4. The treatment 5 gave the best results. It is discussed the influente of the seed piece treatment in the percentage of a perfect stand, in four consecutive observations, spaced of two weeks; in the height of the plants; in the numbers of leaves in the major stem; in the number of stems per seed piece and in the development of PLRV symptoms