Effect of selenization conditions on the growth and properties of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin films

The opto-electronic properties of copper zinc tin sulfide can be tuned to achieve better cell efficiencies by controlled incorporation of selenium. In this paper we report the growth of Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) using a hybrid process involving the sequential evaporation of Zn and sputtering of the sulfide precursors of Cu and Sn, followed by a selenization step. Two approaches for selenization were followed, one using a tubular furnace and the other using a rapid thermal processor. The effects of annealing conditions on the morphological and structural properties of the films were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed to investigate the morphology and composition of the films. Structural analyses were done using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Structural analyses revealed the formation of CZTSSe. This study shows that regardless of the selenization method a temperature above 450 °C is required for conversion of precursors to a compact CZTSSe layer. XRD and Raman analysis suggests that the films selenized in the tubular furnace are selenium rich whereas the samples selenized in the rapid thermal processor have higher sulfur content

Ricci-flat deformation of orbifolds and localized tachyonic modes

We study Ricci-flat deformations of orbifolds in type II theory. We obtain a simple formula for mass corrections to the twisted modes due to the deformations, and apply it to originally tachyonic and massless states in several examples. In the case of supersymmetric orbifolds, we find that tachyonic states appear when the deformation breaks all the supersymmetries. We also study nonsupersymmetric orbifolds C^2/Z_{2N(2N+1)}, which is T-dual to N type 0 NS5-branes. For N>=2, we compute mass corrections for states, which have string scale tachyonic masses. We find that the corrected masses coincide to ones obtained by solving the wave equation for the tachyon field in the smeared type 0 NS5-brane background geometry. For N=1, we show that the unstable mode representing the bubble creation is the unique tachyonic mode.Comment: 20 pages, minor collection

Matrix Cosmology

Exact time-dependent solutions of c=1 string theory are described using the free fermion formulation. One such class of solutions describes draining of the Fermi sea and has a spacetime interpretation as closed string tachyon condensation. A second class of solutions, corresponding to droplets of Fermi liquid orbiting in phase space, describes closed cosmologies which bounce through singularities.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures, v2: added references, minor additions and correction

Sphenomandibular Muscle Or Deep Bundle Of Temporal Muscle? [¿músculo Esfenomandibular O Fascículo Profundo Del Músculo Temporal?]

The muscle designated by a group of authors as the sphenomandibular or, according to recent studies, the deep bundle of the temporal muscle, presents important anatomical relationships, especially in a medical-odontological context. In view of this divergence, the aim of the present study was to observe the morphology by means of dissection of the formaldehyde-preserved heads, using two different techniques to access the muscle region in question, designated as trans-zygomatic and frontal access routes. The results permitted, by observation of the dissections frontally, the presence of fascicles standing apart from the deep bundle muscle venter, which was named intermediary bundle. This bundle presented two portions, a meaty upper portion and a tendinous lower portion, which continues with the tendinous part of the superficial bundle present on the internal surface of the coronoid process. In view of the material observations, it can be concluded that, due to the total absence of muscular fascia between its bundles, the temporal muscle is a unique entity presenting three bundles - the deep, the intermediate and the superficial.31411581161Chiarugi, G., (1924) Systematic anatomy: Apparecchio Muscolare-Apparecchio Vascolare. Anatomy dell'uomo, , 2a ed. Milano, Società Editrice LibrariaDunn, G.F., Hack, G.D., Robinson, W.L., Koritzer, R.T., Anatomical observation of a craniomandibular muscle originating from the skull base: The sphenomandibularis (1996) Cranio, 14 (2), pp. 97-103. , discussion 104-5Ernest III, E.A., Martinez, M.E., Rydzewski, D.B., Salter, E.G., Photomicrographic evidence of insertion tendonosis: The etiologic factor in pain goes temporary tendonitis (1991) J. Prosthet. Dent., 65 (1), pp. 127-131Gardner, E., Gray, J.D., O'Rahilly, R., (1978) Anatomy-I Study regional of the Human Body, , 4th ed. Rio de Janeiro, Guanabara KooganGaudy, J.F., Zouaoui, A., Bravetti, P., Charrier, J.L., Laison, F., Functional anatomy of the human temporal muscle (2001) Surg. Radiol. Anat., 23 (6), pp. 389-398Geers, C., Nyssen-Behets, C., Cosnard, G., Lengelé, B., The deep belly of the temporalis muscle: An anatomical, histological and MRI study (2005) Surg. Radiol. Anat., 27 (3), pp. 184-191Miller, J.A., (1991) Craniomandibular Muscles: Their Roles in Function and Form, , Boca Raton, CRC PressPoirier, A., Les muscles de la tõte et du cou (1912) Traité d'anatomie humaine., , In: Poirier A. & Charpa, A. (Eds.). Paris, MassonRamalho, L.R.T., Landucci, C., Porciúncula, H.F., Estudo macro e mesoscopico do feixe profundo do músculo temporal humano (1978) Rev. Fac. Odontol. Araquarara, 1, pp. 105-110Sedlmayr, J.C., Kirsch, C.F., Wisco, J.J., The human temporalis muscle: Superficial, deep, and zygomatic parts comprise one structural unit (2009) Clin. Anat., 22 (6), pp. 655-664Shankland II, W.E., Negulesco, J.A., O'Brian, B., The "preanterior belly" of the temporalis muscle: A preliminary study of a newly described muscle (1996) Cranio, 14 (2), pp. 106-113Shimokawa, T., Akita, K., Soma, K., Sato, T., Innervation analysis of the small muscle bundles attached to the temporalis: Truly new muscles or merely derivates of the temporalis? (1998) Surg. Radiol. Anat., 20 (5), pp. 329-334Shon Ybarra, M.A., Bauer, B., Medial portion of muscle temporalis and its potential involvement in facial pain (2001) Clin. Anat., 14 (1), pp. 25-30Sicher, H., Tandler, J., (1981) Anatomy for Dentists, , São Paulo, AtheneuTürp, J.C., Cowley, T., Stohler, C.S., Media hype: Musculus sphenomandibularis (1997) Acta Anat. (Basel), 158 (2), pp. 150-15

Research of the optical communications groups at University of Aveiro and Institute of Telecommunications - Aveiro Pole

This paper summarizes the research activities of the optical communications group at University of Aveiro and Institute of Telecommunications – Aveiro pole. Several activities like clock recovery systems, both electrical and all optical, electrical equalizers for very high bit rate DST systems, post-detection filters for multigigabit optical receivers, soliton systems, simulation work on WDM, DST, EDFA and short pulse generation for high bit rate systems are presented

Closed String Tachyon Condensation at c=1

The c=1 matrix model, with or without a type 0 hat, has an exact quantum solution corresponding to closed string tachyon condensation along a null surface. The condensation occurs, and spacetime dissolves, at a finite retarded time on I^+. The outgoing quantum state of tachyon fluctuations in this time-dependent background is computed using both the collective field and exact fermion pictures. Perturbative particle production induced by the moving tachyon wall is shown to be similar to that induced by a soft moving mirror. Hence, despite the fact that I^+ for the tachyon is geodesicaly incomplete, quantum correlations in the incoming state are unitarily transmitted to the outgoing state in perturbation theory. It is also shown that, non-perturbatively, information can leak across the tachyon wall, and tachyon scattering is not unitary. Exact unitarity remains intact only in the free fermion picture.Comment: Minor corrections; References added; 24 pages, 2 figures, harvma

Teleportation of a quantum state of a spatial mode with a single massive particle

Mode entanglement exists naturally between regions of space in ultra-cold atomic gases. It has, however, been debated whether this type of entanglement is useful for quantum protocols. This is due to a particle number superselection rule that restricts the operations that can be performed on the modes. In this paper, we show how to exploit the mode entanglement of just a single particle for the teleportation of an unknown quantum state of a spatial mode. We detail how to overcome the superselection rule to create any initial quantum state and how to perform Bell state analysis on two of the modes. We show that two of the four Bell states can always be reliably distinguished, while the other two have to be grouped together due to an unsatisfied phase matching condition. The teleportation of an unknown state of a quantum mode thus only succeeds half of the time.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figure, this paper was presented at TQC 2010 and extends the work of Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 200502 (2009

Logarithmic correction to the Cardy-Verlinde formula in Topological Reissner-Nordstr\"om de Sitter Space

In this paper we compute leading order correction due to small statistical fluctuations around equilibrium, to the Cardy-Verlinde entropy formula (which is supposed to be an entropy formula of conformal field theory in any dimension) of a Topological Reissner-Nordstrom black hole in de Sitter space.Comment: 10 pages, no figure,LaTe

Observational constraint on generalized Chaplygin gas model

We investigate observational constraints on the generalized Chaplygin gas (GCG) model as the unification of dark matter and dark energy from the latest observational data: the Union SNe Ia data, the observational Hubble data, the SDSS baryon acoustic peak and the five-year WMAP shift parameter. It is obtained that the best fit values of the GCG model parameters with their confidence level are $A_{s}=0.73^{+0.06}_{-0.06}$ ($1\sigma$) $^{+0.09}_{-0.09}$ $(2\sigma)$, $\alpha=-0.09^{+0.15}_{-0.12}$ ($1\sigma$) $^{+0.26}_{-0.19}$ $(2\sigma)$. Furthermore in this model, we can see that the evolution of equation of state (EOS) for dark energy is similar to quiessence, and its current best-fit value is $w_{0de}=-0.96$ with the $1\sigma$ confidence level $-0.91\geq w_{0de}\geq-1.00$.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure

Matrix Model and Time-like Linear Dilaton Matter

We consider a matrix model description of the 2d string theory whose matter part is given by a time-like linear dilaton CFT. This is equivalent to the c=1 matrix model with a deformed, but very simple fermi surface. Indeed, after a Lorentz transformation, the corresponding 2d spacetime is a conventional linear dilaton background with a time-dependent tachyon field. We show that the tree level scattering amplitudes in the matrix model perfectly agree with those computed in the world-sheet theory. The classical trajectories of fermions correspond to the decaying D-branes in the time-like linear dilaton CFT. We also discuss the ground ring structure. Furthermore, we study the properties of the time-like Liouville theory by applying this matrix model description. We find that its ground ring structure is very similar to that of the minimal string.Comment: 30 pages, harvmac, typos corrected, acknowledgements and comments added(v2), published version (v3