76 research outputs found
Problems on the road to high skill: a sectoral lesson from the transfer of the dual system of vocational training to eastern Germany
The central challenge of transferring the dual system of education and training to eastern Germany is to convince companies to bear the in-firm costs of apprenticeship training. Two prominent explanatory variables in the social scientificliterature - national institutions and social capital - offer certain predictions aboutwhich factors will be most important in facilitating the transfer of the dual system toeastern Germany. Data from interviews with thirty-four firms in the metal andelectronics industry suggest that institutionalist theory mis-specifies the role ofemployers in coordinated market economies. Employers' associations in both eastern and western Germany have neither the access to inside information nor theinformal sanctioning capacity attributed to them in this literature, nor do they play anyrole in the regular diffusion of strategies of best practice. Ownership by westernGerman companies, however, appears to be of particular significance in the decisionof eastern German companies to train, a link which may support the institutional emphasis on access to long-term finance. Social capital is unable to explainsignificant variance in the ability of companies to cooperate in order to create additional apprenticeship places. The role of policy design in the new federal statesappears to have an important effect in explaining the ability of firms in some states tocooperate in training apprentices. The ability to craft effective policies depends oncoordination among state governments and employers' organizations, but the distributive conflicts inherent in these subsidies can hamper cooperation among employers. -- Die zentrale Herausforderung bei der Ăbertragung des dualen Berufsausbildungssystems nach Ostdeutschland ist es, die Unternehmen davon zuĂŒberzeugen, die internen Kosten der Ausbildung zu tragen. Besonders zwe iVariablen in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Literatur - das nationale InstitutionengefĂŒge und das Sozialkapital - weisen auf vorab benennbare Faktoren hin, die wichtig sind, um den Transfer des dualen Systems nach Ostdeutschland zuerleichtern.Informationen und Daten aus Interviews in 34 Unternehmen der Metall- und Elektronikindustrie fĂŒhren zu der Annahme, daĂ die Institutionen-Theorie die Rolle von Unternehmern in koordinierten Marktwirtschaften miĂinterpretiert.UnternehmensverbĂ€nde in Ost- und Westdeutschland haben weder Zugang zu Insider-Informationen noch eine wie auch immer geartete Sanktionsmöglichkeit - wieihnen in der Literatur zugeschrieben wird -, und sie spielen auch keine Rolle in derĂŒblichen Verbreitung von best-practice-Erfahrungen. Wenn ein Unternehmen in Ostdeutschland einem westdeutschen Unternehmen gehört, so scheint dies allerdings eine wichtige Rolle bei der Entscheidung fĂŒr eine berufliche Erstausbildung in dem ostdeutschen Unternehmen zu spielen. Dies könnte in einemZusammenhang mit der Diskussion um die Bedeutung von Institutionen und dabei um den Zugang zu langfristigem Kapital gesehen werden.Die These vom Sozialen Kapital kann die erheblichen Unterschiede in der FĂ€higkeitder Unternehmen, durch Kooperation zusĂ€tzliche AusbildungsplĂ€tze zu schaffen, nicht erklĂ€ren. Die je spezifische Art, wie politische Prozesse in den neuen BundeslĂ€ndern gestaltet werden, scheint dagegen ein wichtiger Indikator zu sein, umdie in einigen BundeslĂ€ndern vorhandene KooperationsfĂ€higkeit von Unternehmenbei der Lehrlingsausbildung zu erklĂ€ren.Die FĂ€higkeit, wirksame politische Lösungen zu entwickeln, hĂ€ngt von der Art der Zusammenarbeit zwischen LĂ€nderregierungen und UnternehmensverbĂ€nden ab, doch können Verteilungskonflikte, die immanent zu Subventionen gehören, dieKooperation zwischen Unternehmern behindern
The economic footprint of its banks helped the U.S. to have a better bank bailout than the UK
In 2008 politicians in the UK and the U.S. put in place massive bailout programs worth billions of dollars to save their ailing financial institutions. Six years on, U.S. taxpayers have made nearly 14 billion. Pepper D. Culpepper writes that this difference is down to a combination of regulatory power and policy design. Regulators in the U.S. were able to require even those banks that were financially fit to accept money in exchange for stock because those banks earned the majority of their revenue locally. UK regulators on the other hand, were constrained by the vast market power of HSBC, which has only 20 percent of its business in the country, meaning that the bank was able to reject proposals that it take public money
Les silences de la France en mutation
La diversitĂ© des trois regards critiques offerts sur notre ouvrage reïŹĂšte la diversitĂ© discipli-naire que nous avons voulue Ă lâorigine de ce projet, visant Ă mobiliser les sciences sociales dans leur diversitĂ© (Ă©conomie politique, histoire, sociologie, science politiqueâŠ) pour comprendre la diversitĂ© des mutations Ă©conomiques, sociales et politiques connues par la France au cours des 25 derniĂšres annĂ©es. Quâest-il advenu du dirigisme Ă©conomique ? du modĂšle social rĂ©publicain ? de lâĂtat tout puissant ? Comment comprendre la crise du politique en France ?Tels sont les chantiers sur lesquels notre ouvrage collectif, fruit dâune longue collaboration entre chercheurs français et amĂ©ricains, fait le point, aïŹn de dresser un tableau aussi complet que pos-sible des mutations françaises. Nous avons ainsi traitĂ©s des mutations du capitalisme français (perçu dans son ensemble par P. Culpepper, puis du point de vue du gouvernement dâentreprise par M. Goyer et des relations professionnelles par M. Lallement), des Ă©volutions des piliers de la cohĂ©sion sociale (contrat entre les gĂ©nĂ©rations par L. Chauvel, rĂ©formes du systĂšme de pro-tection sociale par B. Palier, Ă©volutions des politiques dâĂ©ducation par A. Van Zanten, et des politiques dâaccueil des migrants par V. Guiraudon), de la redistribution des pouvoirs de lâĂtat (la dĂ©centralisation par P. Le GalĂšs et le gouvernement europĂ©en par A. Smith) avant dâĂ©tudier les consĂ©quences politiques de ces Ă©volutions (les comportements politiques des Français par R. Balme, la crise de la reprĂ©sentation par S. Berger et lâadaptation du systĂšme de parti par G. Grunberg). [Premier paragraphe
âThe economy is riggedâ: inequality narratives, fairness, and support for redistribution in six countries
Do narratives about the causes of inequality influence support for redistribution? Scholarship
suggests that information about levels of inequality does not easily shift redistributive
attitudes. We embed information about inequality within a commentary article depicting the
economy as being rigged to advantage elites, a common populist narrative of both the left and
right. Drawing on the media effects and political economy literatures, we expect articles
employing narratives that portray inequality as the consequence of systemic unfairness to
increase demands for redistribution. We test this proposition via an online survey experiment
with 7,426 respondents in Australia, France, Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom,
and the United States. Our narrative treatment significantly increases attitudes favoring
redistribution in five of the countries. In the US the treatment has no effect. We consider
several reasons for the non-result in the US â highlighting beliefs about government
inefficiency â and conclude by discussing general implications of our findings
Better political text classification using large language models
Comparative researchers in politics are deeply interested in the ways in which political discourse is conducted for different issues across a wide range of countries, and increasingly use computational methods to classify texts with low cost and high accuracy. Computer scientists are rapidly developing new deep learning models for language tasks, including supervised classification, which are not yet widely used by political scientists. These methods have the potential to improve the accuracy of current bag-of-words methods while also offering the possibility of handing non-English source texts without further work. We present such an improved method for supervised classification using a modern transformer language model, fine-tuned on a large unlabelled corpus and combined with a final softmax layer for probability estimation of category membership. We train the resulting model with hand-labeled data and validate it by analysing a large corpus of news articles on banking. The results show improved classification performance for English-language inputs compared with traditional computational approaches. We also demonstrate the ability to use the same classifier for non-English texts with good levels of classification performance. We suggest that similar methods using large deep learning models are now sufficiently mature for wider adoption by political scientists with primarily substantive, rather than methodological, interests
Deep learning models for multilingual supervised political text classification
Comparative computational research in politics is frequently based on large corpora of multilingual news or political speech. A common approach to handling the multiple-language issue is to machine translate to English before downstream modelling; this works well in many cases, but adds an extra step of introduced error. The cost of translation via the DeepL or Google Translate APIs is also high for large datasets. We present a method for supervised classification of large multilingual datasets, using a pre-trained multilingual transformer model. We fine-tune an XLM-RoBERTA textual model on a large unlabelled corpus, combine it with a final softmax layer for probability estimation of category membership, then train and validate the resulting model with hand-labeled data. Non-English texts are handled directly without producing an intermediate translated representation. We validate the method by analysing a large (N > 1M) corpus of news articles on banking written in English, French, and German. The classifications investigate aspects of the politics of post-financial crisis banking regulation, are theoretically-informed, and have complex decision boundaries. Results are compared to a conventional machine translation plus Support Vector Machine computational approach, in this case using the publicly available Opus-MT translation model running on local hardware
National interest organisations in EU policy-making
Comparative and EU interest group studies are marked by a progression towards theory-driven, large-N empirical studies in the past 20 years. With the study of national interest organisations in EU policy-making, this special issue puts centre stage a theoretically and empirically neglected topic in this research field. The individual contributions include interest group characteristics, institutional contexts as well as issue contexts as explanatory factors in their empirical analyses of multilevel interest representation. They present novel developments in the study of political alignments among interest groups and political institutions, the Europeanisation of domestic interest organisations, and the question of bias in interest group populations. Thereby, they not only contribute to the comparative study of interest groups, but also to the analysis of policy-making, multilevel governance, and political representation in the EU
Challenging Varieties of Capitalism's Account of Business Interests: The New Social Market Initiative and German Employers' Quest for Liberalization, 2000-2014
Do employers in coordinated market economies (CME's) actively defend the non-liberal, market- constraining institutions upon which their strategic coordination and competitive success depends? This paper revisits the debate over firms' employer preferences with an in-depth examination of employers in Germany - a paradigmatic CME and crucial "test case" for Varieties of Capitalism. It is based on interviews with key officials and an in-depth examination of a large-scale campaign - the New Social Market Initiative or INMS - founded and funded by German metalworking employers to shape public opinion. The paper argues that German employers have a strong preference for liberalization: they have pushed hard for the liberalization of labor markets, the reduction of government expenditures, the expansion of market-oriented freedoms, and cuts to social protection, employment protection and benefit entitlements. I find no empirical support for the claim that the INSM is an attempt to appease discontented firms within employers' associations. On the contrary: for many employers, the Agenda 2010 reforms did not go far enough. Following the discrediting of the Anglo-American model in the financial crisis, far-reaching concessions by employees, and the unexpected revitalization of the German economy, employers have moderated their demands - but liberalization remains their default preference. This paper also addresses the role of ideas and the conditions under which employer campaigns can influence policy.Verteidigen Arbeitgeber in koordinierten Marktwirtschaften aktiv die nichtliberalen, marktbeschrĂ€nkenden Institutionen, von denen ihre Möglichkeiten zur strategischen Koordination und ihr Erfolg im Wettbewerb abhĂ€ngen? Mit einer umfassenden Untersuchung der PrĂ€ferenzen von Arbeitgebern in Deutschland, das als typisches Beispiel einer koordinierten Marktwirtschaft und wegweisender "Testfall" fĂŒr die Theorie ĂŒber Spielarten des Kapitalismus gilt, greift dieses Discussion Paper die Debatte ĂŒber die PrĂ€ferenzen von Unternehmen in ihrer Eigenschaft als Arbeitgeber auf. Es basiert auf Interviews mit fĂŒhrenden ArbeitgeberfunktionĂ€ren sowie einer detaillierten Untersuchung der Initiative Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft (INSM): einer groĂ angelegten, von deutschen Metallarbeitgebern initiierten und finanzierten Kampagne zur öffentlichen Meinungsbildung. Der Beitrag belegt eine deutliche PrĂ€ferenz deutscher Arbeitgeber fĂŒr die Liberalisierung. Mit Nachdruck haben sie sich fĂŒr eine Liberalisierung der ArbeitsmĂ€rkte, eine Senkung der Staatsausgaben und eine Ausweitung marktorientierter Gestaltungsfreiheiten ebenso eingesetzt wie fĂŒr Einschnitte bei der sozialen Sicherung, dem KĂŒndigungsschutz und den VersorgungsansprĂŒchen. Die Behauptung, die INSM sei ein Versuch, unzufriedene Unternehmen innerhalb der ArbeitgeberverbĂ€nde zu beschwichtigen, lĂ€sst sich durch die empirischen Befunde nicht stĂŒtzen. Im Gegenteil: Vielen Arbeitgebern gingen die Reformen im Zuge der Agenda 2010 nicht weit genug. Zwar haben die deutschen Arbeitgeber nach der Diskreditierung des angloamerikanischen Modells wĂ€hrend der Finanzkrise, weitreichenden ZugestĂ€ndnissen seitens der Arbeitnehmer sowie der unerwarteten Wiederbelebung der deutschen Wirtschaft ihre Forderungen gemĂ€Ăigt - doch bleibt ihre grundlegende PrĂ€ferenz fĂŒr die Liberalisierung bestehen. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich auĂerdem mit der Rolle von Ideen sowie den Bedingungen, unter denen Arbeitgeberkampagnen politische MaĂnahmen beeinflussen können
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