A 4D Light-Field Dataset and CNN Architectures for Material Recognition

We introduce a new light-field dataset of materials, and take advantage of the recent success of deep learning to perform material recognition on the 4D light-field. Our dataset contains 12 material categories, each with 100 images taken with a Lytro Illum, from which we extract about 30,000 patches in total. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first mid-size dataset for light-field images. Our main goal is to investigate whether the additional information in a light-field (such as multiple sub-aperture views and view-dependent reflectance effects) can aid material recognition. Since recognition networks have not been trained on 4D images before, we propose and compare several novel CNN architectures to train on light-field images. In our experiments, the best performing CNN architecture achieves a 7% boost compared with 2D image classification (70% to 77%). These results constitute important baselines that can spur further research in the use of CNNs for light-field applications. Upon publication, our dataset also enables other novel applications of light-fields, including object detection, image segmentation and view interpolation.Comment: European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV) 201

Туберкулез и другие заболевания легких у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста: данные научных публикаций и собственных наблюдений

Rezumat În condițiile epidemiologice încordate privind tuberculoza pulmonară și schimbările demografi ce, ftiziopneumologia gerontologică și geriatrică reprezintă un compartiment important al medicinei contemporane. Scopul studiului realizat a fost prezentarea viziunii contemporane asupra problemei tuberculozei și a unor afecțiuni respiratorii, inclusiv ale altor sisteme și organe, în rândul persoanelor ≥65 de ani. Au fost analizate datele din literatură și datele proprii, obținute prin observarea pacienților cu tuberculoză, cu alte afecțiuni pulmonare și ale altor sisteme și organe. Sunt prezentate particularitățile de vârstă ale fiziologiei și patologiei organelor aparatului respirator și ale altor sisteme și organe, importanța clinică a comorbidității și multimorbidității, polipragmaziei și complianței bolnavilor vârstnici sau bătrâni cu tuberculoză. Revizuirea analitică pluriaspectuală a literaturii privind cercetările științifice în domeniul gerontologiei respiratorii și geriatriei, precum și observațiile proprii, au determinat că problema tuberculozei și a altor patologii concomitente, inclusiv respiratorii nespecifice, căpătând noi caracteristici, nu numai că își menține actualitatea în societatea contemporană, ci și capătă o importanţă deosebită pentru sistemul ocrotirii sănătății. Abordarea asistenței medicale a pacienților din grupa persoanelor vârstnice sau bătrâne trebuie să fi e complexă, ținând cont de cunoștințele contemporane în domeniul ftiziopneumologiei.Summary During the poor epidemiological situation concerning pulmonary tuberculosis and changes to demographic and gerontological and geriatric phthisiopulmonology represents a special and important field of the modern respiratory medicine. The purpose of the study was to present a contemporary view on the problem of tuberculosis and other respiratory diseases, including other systems and organs among people aged 65 and older. There were analyzed the data from the literature and the data obtained among people aged 65 and older with tuberculosis and other concomitant diseases, including other lung diseases. There are presented the age peculiarities of the physiology and pathology of the organs of the respiratory system and of other systems and organs, the clinical importance of comorbidity and multimorbidity, polypragmatism and the compliance of the elderly and olderly patients with tuberculosis. Pluriaspective analytical review of the literature on scientific research in the field of respiratory gerontology and geriatrics and our observations revealed that the problem of tuberculosis and other concomitant pathologies, including nonspecific respiratory pathologies, acquiring new characteristics, not only remains relevant in contemporary society, but also presents as being very important for the health care system. The approach to medical care for old patients must be complex, taking into account contemporary knowledge in the field of phthisiopneumology.Резюме В условиях эпидемиологической напряженности по туберкулезу легких и изменений демографической ситуации геронтологическая и гериатрическая фтизиопульмонология представляет собой особый и важный раздел современной медицины. Цель статьи – представить современный взгляд на проблему туберкулеза и других респираторных заболеваний, у людей в возрасте 65 лет и старше. Были проанализированы данные литературы и данные собственных наблюдений за больными туберкулезом легких, неспецифическими заболеваниями легких и другими сопутствующими заболеваниями в возрасте ≥65 лет. Представлены возрастные особенности физиологии и патологии органов дыхательной системы и других систем и органов, клиническое значение сопутствующей патологии и мультиморбидности, полипрагмазии и приверженности лечению пожилых пациентов больных туберкулезом. Аналитический обзор литературы по респираторной геронтологии и гериатрии и наши наблюдения показали, что проблема туберкулеза и других сопутствующих патологий, включая неспецифические респираторные заболевания, приобретая новые характеристики, не только остается актуальной в современном обществе, но и является очень важной для системы здравоохранения. Подход к оказанию медицинской помощи пациентам пожилого возраста должен быть комплексным, с учетом современных знаний в области фтизиатрии и геронтологии

Stoichiometric Formation of an Oxoiron(IV) Complex by a Soluble Methane Monooxygenase Type Activation of O-2 at an Iron(II)-Cyclam Center

In soluble methane monooxygenase enzymes (sMMO), dioxygen (O-2) is activated at a diiron(II) center to form an oxodiiron(IV) intermediate Q that performs the challenging oxidation of methane to methanol. An analogous mechanism of O-2 activation at mono- or dinuclear iron centers is rare in the synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report a mononuclear non-heme iron(II)cyclam complex, 1-trans, that activates O-2 to form the corresponding iron(IV)-oxo complex, 2-trans, via a mechanism reminiscent of the O-2 activation process in sMMO. The conversion of 1-trans to 2-trans proceeds via the intermediate formation of an iron(III)-superoxide species 3, which could be trapped and spectroscopically characterized at -50 degrees C. Surprisingly, 3 is a stronger oxygen atom transfer (OAT) agent than 2-trans; 3 performs OAT to 1-trans or PPh 3 to yield 2-trans quantitatively. Furthermore, 2-trans oxidizes the aromatic C-H bonds of 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, which, together with the strong OAT ability of 3, represents new domains of oxoiron(IV) and superoxoiron(III) reactivities

A Clinical Perspective on the Automated Analysis of Reflectance Confocal Microscopy in Dermatology

Background and objectivesNon-invasive optical imaging has the potential to provide a diagnosis without the need for biopsy. One such technology is reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), which uses low power, near-infrared laser light to enable real-time in vivo visualization of superficial human skin from the epidermis down to the papillary dermis. Although RCM has great potential as a diagnostic tool, there is a need for the development of reliable image analysis programs, as acquired grayscale images can be difficult and time-consuming to visually assess. The purpose of this review is to provide a clinical perspective on the current state of artificial intelligence (AI) for the analysis and diagnostic utility of RCM imaging.Study design/materials and methodsA systematic PubMed search was conducted with additional relevant literature obtained from reference lists.ResultsAlgorithms used for skin stratification, classification of pigmented lesions, and the quantification of photoaging were reviewed. Image segmentation, statistical methods, and machine learning techniques are among the most common methods used to analyze RCM image stacks. The poor visual contrast within RCM images and difficulty navigating image stacks were mediated by machine learning algorithms, which allowed the identification of specific skin layers.ConclusionsAI analysis of RCM images has the potential to increase the clinical utility of this emerging technology. A number of different techniques have been utilized but further refinements are necessary to allow consistent accurate assessments for diagnosis. The automated detection of skin cancers requires more development, but future applications are truly boundless, and it is compelling to envision the role that AI will have in the practice of dermatology. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC