Formation of in-volume nanogratings with sub-100 nm periods in glass by femtosecond laser irradiation

We present direct experimental observation of the morphological evolution during the formation of nanogratings with sub-100-nm periods with the increasing number of pulses. Theoretical simulation shows that the constructive interference of the scattering light from original nanoplanes will create an intensity maximum located between the two adjacent nanoplanes, resulting in shortening of the nanograting period by half. The proposed mechanism enables explaining the formation of nanogratings with periods beyond that predicted by the nanoplasmonic model.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Solely economic mitigation strategy suggests upward revision of nationally determined contributions

The use of equity principles to review the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) is critical to facilitating more ambitious climate actions. However, disagreement over the equity principles persists. We instead treat emission reduction as a solely economic behavior motivated by avoiding future economic damage from climate change. Assuming no international cooperation, we provide a solely economic mitigation pathway to review national climate pledges until 2100. Using the value in 2030 to review the NDCs, we find that the NDCs of China, the USA, and the EU are 1.5, 1.4, and 0.9 respective GtCO2eq lower than their solely economic emission levels, whereas India commits 3.8 GtCO2eq more than its solely economic emission level. We also propose an equal-effort cooperation scenario toward 2°C where each country reduces emissions by 28% of their solely economic levels in 2030. Through exploration of the economic trade-offs, our results suggest that more ambitious NDCs are urgently needed

Comparison Between Single Loading–Unloading Indentation and Continuous Stiffness Indentation

Experiments are performed on fused silica, Si, and duplex stainless steel to examine whether the CSM (continuous stiffness indentation) method will provide approximately the “same” results of contact modulus and indentation hardness as those measured from the quasi-static single loading–unloading indentation. The experimental results show that the elastic modulus measured by the CSM method is compatible with that by the quasi-static loading–unloading method for hard materials, while there exists a percentage difference of ∼21.3% between the smallest value and the largest vale of the measured indentation hardnesses from the CSM method for fused silica and a percentage difference of ∼15.3% between the hardnesses measured by the CSM method and the single indentation for duplex stainless steel. The large percentage difference suggests that the indentation hardness measured by the CSM method may not be compatible with that measured by the quasi-static loading–unloading method for hard materials. The finite element results reveal the percentage difference between the indentation hardness at the wave peak and that at the wave valley for the CSM method increases with the increase of the ratio of elastic modulus to yield stress

User interest and social influence based emotion prediction for individuals

Emotions are playing significant roles in daily life, making emotion prediction important. To date, most of state-of-the-art methods make emotion prediction for the masses which are invalid for individuals. In this paper, we propose a nov-el emotion prediction method for individuals based on user interest and social influence. To balance user interest and social influence, we further propose a simple yet efficient weight learning method in which the weights are obtained from users ’ behaviors. We perform experiments in real social media network, with 4,257 users and 2,152,037 microblogs. The experimental results demonstrate that our method out-performs traditional methods with significant performance gains

5-(4-Fluoro­phen­yl)-2-furylmethyl N-(2,6-difluoro­benzo­yl)carbamate

The title compound, C19H12F3NO4, was synthesized by the reaction of 5-(4-fluoro­phen­yl)-2-furan­methanol and 2,6-difluoro­benzoyl­isocyanate. The seven atoms of the fluorophenyl group are disordered over two positions with site occupancy factors ca 0.6 and 0.4. The dihedral angle between the furan and fluorophenyl rings is 1.58°. In the crystal structure, the mol­ecules are linked via inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds to form chains

Dynamical tunneling-assisted coupling of high-Q deformed microcavities using a free-space beam

We investigate the efficient free-space excitation of high-Q resonance modes in deformed microcavities via dynamical tunneling-assisted coupling. A quantum scattering theory is employed to study the free-space transmission properties, and it is found that the transmission includes the contribution from (1) the off-resonance background and (2) the on-resonance modulation, corresponding to the absence and presence of high-Q modes, respectively. The theory predicts asymmetric Fano-like resonances around high-Q modes in background transmission spectra, which are in good agreement with our recent experimental results. Dynamical tunneling across Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser tori, which plays an essential role in the Fano-like resonance, is further studied. This efficient free-space coupling holds potential advantages to simplify experimental conditions and excite high-Q modes in higher-index-material microcavities

Genomic amplification patterns of human telomerase RNA gene and C-MYC in liquid-based cytological specimens used for the detection of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The amplification of oncogenes initiated by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an early event in cervical carcinogenesis and can be used for cervical lesion diagnosis. We measured the genomic amplification rates and the patterns of human telomerase RNA gene (TERC) and C-MYC in the liquid-based cytological specimens to evaluate the diagnostic characteristics for the detection of high-grade cervical lesions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Two hundred and forty-three residual cytological specimens were obtained from outpatients aged 25 to 64 years at Qilu Hospital, Shandong University. The specimens were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using chromosome probes to TERC (3q26) and C-MYC (8q24). All of the patients underwent colposcopic examination and histological evaluation. A Chi-square test was used for categorical data analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In the normal, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN1), grade 2 (CIN2), grade 3 (CIN3) and squamous cervical cancer (SCC) cases, the TERC positive rates were 9.2%, 17.2%, 76.2%, 100.0% and 100.0%, respectively; the C-MYC positive rates were 20.7%, 31.0%, 71.4%, 81.8% and 100.0%, respectively. The TERC and C-MYC positive rates were higher in the CIN2+ (CIN2, CIN3 and SCC) cases than in the normal and CIN1 cases (<it>p </it>< 0.01). Compared with cytological analysis, the TERC test showed higher sensitivity (90.0% vs. 84.0%) and higher specificity (89.6% vs. 64.3%). The C-MYC test showed lower sensitivity (80.0% vs. 84.0%) and higher specificity (77.7% vs. 64.3%). Using a cut-off value of 5% or more aberrant cells, the TERC test showed the highest combination of sensitivity and specificity. The CIN2+ group showed more high-level TERC gene copy number (GCN) cells than did the normal/CIN1 group (<it>p </it>< 0.05). For C-MYC, no significant difference between the two histological categories was detected (<it>p </it>> 0.05).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The TERC test is highly sensitive and is therefore suitable for cervical cancer screening. The C-MYC test is not suitable for cancer screening because of its lower sensitivity. The amplification patterns of TERC become more diverse and complex as the severity of cervical diseases increases, whereas for C-MYC, the amplification patterns are similar between the normal/CIN1 and CIN2+ groups.</p> <p>Virtual slides</p> <p>The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: <url>http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1308004512669913</url>.</p