Are Euclidean Distance and Network Distance Related ?

Although spatial distance is a very important concept for a wide variety of disciplines including social, natural, and information sciences, the methods used to measure spatial distance are not directly expressed and fully explained. In this study, we calculate and compare Euclidean distances and network distances for 10 randomly selected European cities. On the contrary to the findings reported in past research, we find that there is not a global straight forward relation between the Euclidian distance and network distance.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Euclidean distance; network distance; network analysi

Examination of the Relationship between Urban Air Pollution and Urban Planning Decisions in Cigli Case, Izmir (Turkey)

The air pollution problem remains, although significant improvements have been seen in urban air quality over the last years. Despite the size and variety of studies on urban air pollution, the usage of spatial statistics has been extremely limited. This study aims to show that the spatial statistic techniques can well be used to examine and explain the air pollution levels in urban areas. The data for the sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations are measures using passive diffusion tubes at the 67 monitoring sites in the district of Çiğli (Izmir), which are selected through a spatial systematic sampling process. The tubes were exposed for a 2-week period in August 2015. For the determination of the level of clustering for high values and low values of SO2 and NO2 concentrations, Getis-Ord G* local statistics are calculated. There are five points with high values of SO2 surrounded by low values, three points of NO2, where the results are statistically significant at the 0.10 level. The findings indicate that the presence of the industrial zone, the form of fossil fuels (coal or natural gas) used in heating, and topography are the strong determinants urban air pollution.© 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Urban air pollution; planning decisions; spatial autocorrelation; air pollutant

The Relationship between Urban Air Pollution and Urban Planning Decisions

The air pollution problem remains, although significant improvements have been seen in urban air quality over the last years. This study aims to show that the spatial statistic techniques can well be used to examine and explain the air pollution levels in urban areas. The data for SO2 and NO2 concentrations are measures using passive diffusion tubes at the 67 monitoring sites in the district of Çiğli (Izmir). The tubes were exposed for a 2-week period in August 2015. For the determination of the level of clustering for high values and low values of pollutants, Getis-Ord G* local statistics are calculated. There are five points with high values of SO2 surrounded by low values, three points of NO2, where the results are statistically significant at the 0.10 level. The presence of the industrial zone, the form of fossil fuels used in heating, and topography are strong determinants urban air pollution.Keywords: Urban air pollution, planning decisions, spatial autocorrelation, air pollutants eISSN 2398-4279 © 2018. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.21834/ajqol.v3i11.134

Examining the Cost Structure of Urban Bus Transit industry: Does Urban Geography Help?

The purpose of this paper is to expand empirical research on bus transit operation costs and test the hypothesis that physical and geographical characteristics are plausible explanatory cost factors. A translog cost function has been estimated, using a panel dataset of 1053 observations over 1996-2002 for a cross-section of 264 transit bus agencies in the US, combined with geographical and physical data processed with geographic information system technology. The results confirm the importance of geographical factors as determinants of bus transit costs. The trade-offs between geographical factors in shaping the frontier between economies and diseconomies of density are assessed. The implications of the results for public policy regarding competition are discussed

Kentsel Mekânda Soğutma Yayılımının Araştırılması, İzmir Örneği

Kentsel mekânda, doğal ve doğal olmayan yeşil- mavi altyapı elemanları bitki örtüsüz alanların ısınma etkisine karşı yerel sıcaklıkları düzenlenme konusunda önemli rol oynamaktadır. Kentsel mekânda sıcaklığın mekânsal dağılımını biçimlendiren bu alanlar, kentsel soğuk ada olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışma İzmir kentsel alanı yüzey sıcaklığı (YS) mekânsal dağılımını etkileyen unsurların araştırılmasında bir yöntem geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kentsel soğuk adaların sınırlarının tespiti için uzaktan algılama ve mekânsal istatistik yöntemlerinden yararlanılarak bir yöntem önerilmiştir. Kentsel mekânda soğutma kapasitesinin incelenmesinde soğutma yayılım alanı ölçüt olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, kentsel soğuk ada büyüklüğü ve soğutma şiddetinin yayılım alanıyla ilişkisi ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular, soğutma etkisi yayılım alanını açıklamada kentsel soğuk ada büyüklüğünün soğutma şiddetine göre çok daha etkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak, çalışmanın geliştirdiği araştırma yaklaşımı ve elde ettiği sonuçların sürdürülebilir kentsel planlama ve yönetim bağlamında iklim değişikliğine uyum sürecinde kent bütününde sıcaklığın desenini belirleyen unsurları araştıran kısıtlı sayıdaki çalışmalara katkı sunacaktır.In urban space, green-blue infrastructure plays an important role in regulating local temperatures against the heating effect of areas without vegetation. These areas, which shape the spatial distribution of temperature in urban space, are called urban cold islands. This study aims to develop a method for investigating the factors affecting the spatial distribution of land surface temperature (LST). A method has been proposed for extracting the boundary of urban cold islands by using remote sensing and spatial statistics methods. Cooling extend was determined as a measure in analyzing cooling capacity of urban environment. According to scope of the study, the relationship between both of size of urban cool island and cooling intensity, and cooling extend was measured, then, discussed the impact on local climate conditions. The findings showed that size of urban cool island was more effective than the intensity in explaining cooling extend. As a result, the research approach and the findings will insight for mitigation of urban heat island effect in the context of sustainable urban planning and management

Examination of the Relationship between Urban Air Pollution and Urban Planning Decisions in Cigli Case, Izmir (Turkey)

The air pollution problem remains, although significant improvements have been seen in urban air quality over the last years. Despite the size and variety of studies on urban air pollution, the usage of spatial statistics has been extremely limited. This study aims to show that the spatial statistic techniques can well be used to examine and explain the air pollution levels in urban areas. The data for the sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations are measures using passive diffusion tubes at the 67 monitoring sites in the district of Çiğli (Izmir), which are selected through a spatial systematic sampling process. The tubes were exposed for a 2-week period in August 2015. For the determination of the level of clustering for high values and low values of SO2 and NO2 concentrations, Getis-Ord G* local statistics are calculated. There are five points with high values of SO2 surrounded by low values, three points of NO2, where the results are statistically significant at the 0.10 level. The findings indicate that the presence of the industrial zone, the form of fossil fuels (coal or natural gas) used in heating, and topography are the strong determinants urban air pollution. © 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. Keywords: Urban air pollution; planning decisions; spatial autocorrelation; air pollutant

Examining the relationship between socioeconomic structure and urban transport network efficiency: a circuity and spatial statistics based approach

Access to urban public transportation services is crucial for all city residents. Undoubtedly, more efficient public transportation services should be provided for the needy ones. The study aims to develop a simple yet efficient analytical approach to spatially determine the urban areas that receive inefficient public transportation services. In this study, the spatial distribution of the efficiency of public transportation and its relation to socioeconomic variables (per capita income level and population density) are examined at the neighborhood in Izmir, Turkey, level using circuity. The results from univariate and bivariate Global and Local Moran’s I analyses reveal that the high-efficiency levels are spatially clustered, Higher-income neighborhoods have better public transportation systems compared to lower-income ones. According to Bivariate Local Moran’s I analyses, among the 348 neighborhoods at least 31 and at most 81 neighborhoods are either in a High-High or Low-Low cluster for the four time periods considered. As for the relationship between circuity and density, at least 21 and at most 75 neighborhoods are a part of a cluster. The fact that there is a significant relationship between the efficiency of public transportation and socioeconomic variables calls for alteration in the planning policies regarding urban public transportation supply. Although the variation in public transport efficiency levels across the neighborhoods can partly be attributed to physical conditions, the city should provide equal accessibility and efficiency regardless of the socio-economic status of the neighborhoods. The findings can well be generalized for cities of similar sizes in developing countries

Mapping the topology of the air transport network in Turkey

Recent technological and philosophical research has revealed that almost everything around us is heavily dependent on network-based complexities. Airport network topologies are complex networks and their analyses are crucial regarding the fact that the evolution of airport network topology influences the economic growth of regions and countries. An equal population cartogram is derived displaying the distortion of the air transport network of Turkey in accordance with the uneven distribution of passengers. The regions between İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir, and Antalya are shrunk by the force of higher population concentration. The shrinkage across the eastern regions is less than that in the western regions; still, the distortion of the regions is dominated by particular regional hubs. © The Author(s) 2019