Estudio prospectivo para la Corporación de Mujeres Fresia 2030

108 páginas y anexos.El modelo prospectivo estratégico para la Corporación de Mujeres Fresia - 2030, se desarrolló con el fin de superar la dificultad de mantener estructuras financieras sólidas y enfrentar las dinámicas complejas y cambiantes del sector social. En el estudio se identificó el reto tecnológico como un factor fundamental para transformar el alcance de la intervención social. Factores no gobernables, como el contexto normativo de las Entidades sin ánimo de lucro - ESALES y los procesos de paz del nivel nacional, son objeto de continua vigilancia y podrían reorientar estrategias relacionadas con la adaptación de tecnologías para la prevención y atención de problemáticas sociales de niños, niñas y mujeres, el fortalecimiento de redes sociales, la diversificación de las fuentes de financiación para la sostenibilidad de la organización, el posicionamiento de la Corporación y, la atención de mujeres víctimas y victimarias del conflicto en Colombia. Finalmente, la investigación realizada y los ejercicios participativos desarrollados para integrar el conocimiento, la experiencia, los anhelos y las realidades del sector, pueden ser un marco de referencia que invita a las ESALES a analizar su situación actual y a construir escenarios futuros para direccionar la acción y generar rupturas sectoriales con impactos significativos.The strategic prospective model for the "Mujeres Fresia Corporation -2030" was developed in order to overcome the difficulty of preserving solid financial structures and facing the complex and ever-changing dynamics of the social sector. The technological challenge has been identified in the study as a critical factor to transform the scope of social intervention. Non-governable factors, such as the legal context of non-profit organizations and the peace processes taking place in the country, need to be constantly monitored. They have the potential to redirect strategies related to technological adaptation for the prevention of and attention to social issues associated with children and women; the strengthening of social networks; the diversification of funding sources for the organization's sustainability; the positioning of the Corporation; and the care given to female victims or victimizers within the context of the armed conflict in Colombia. Finally, the research carried out and the participative exercises, developed to combine the knowledge, experience, aspirations and realities of the sector, can be a reference framework inviting non-profit organizations to analyze their current situation and build future scenarios to guide actions and make transformations within the sector in order to achieve significant impacts.MaestríaMagíster en Prospectiva y Pensamiento Estratégic

NIVEL DE EDUCACIÓN SEXUAL UNIVERSITARIA: ¿UTOPÍA O REALIDAD?

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar el nivel de educación sobre sexualidad en los estudiantes del I ciclo de la Universidad Señor de Sipán. La investigación fue de tipo descriptiva con muestreo aleatorio simple. La metodología empleada consistió en encuestar a 210 estudiantes, para ello se aplicó la técnica de la observación, empleando cono instrumento una encuesta de diez preguntas. Los datos se procesaron MS-Excel y los resultados obtenidos reportan que el 80.9% de la muestra manifiesta que le gustaría abordar temas sobre sexualidad en la universidad; el 66.2 % responden que nunca o raras veces sienten confianza a la hora de tratar el tema de sexualidad en su entorno. Por lo tanto, se concluye que los estudiantes del I ciclo de la Universidad Señor de Sipán demuestran poco conocimiento sobre educación sexual humana, por lo que se debe orientar sobre esta temática

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Conflict and organizational justice as determinants of the results of the process of decisión making: a study of small and medium enterprises of Chile and Peru

Se estudió la relación entre conflicto y percepción de justicia organizacional y cómo ésta influye sobre los resultados del proceso de toma de decisiones. Para este efecto, se aplicó un cuestionario y se obtuvo 149 respuestas de empresas de la PYME de Chile y Perú. Los resultados muestran que los conflictos de tareas y de relaciones impactan sobre la percepción de justicia organizacional de los trabajadores y, a su vez, las justicia organizacional percibida impacta sobre los resultados del proceso de toma de decisiones. El modelo planteado explica el 39% de la varianza de los resultados del proceso de toma de decisiones. La bondad de ajuste del modelo es muy alto (AGFI 0,918) y cada una de las variables son estadísticamente significativas (p<0,001). A partir de estos hallazgos se generan una serie de implicancias normativas para lograr que los equipos que toman decisiones administren el conflicto, logren niveles elevados de justicia organizacional, y consigan resultados satisfactorios de sus procesos de toma de decisiones.The relationship between conflict and perception of organizational justice and how the latter influences the outcomes of decision-making process was investigated. For this purpose, a survey was applied and 149 responses from small and medium enterprises in Chile and Peru were obtained. The results show that the task conflict and the relationship conflict have an impact on the workers’ perception of organizational justice, and, in turn, the perceived organizational justice has an impact on the outcome of decision-making process. The proposed model explains 39% of the variance of the results of decision-making process. The goodness of fit is very high (AGFI 0.918) and each of the variables is statistically significant (p <0.001). A number of policy implications were generated based on the research findings, in order to ensure that decision makers succeed in the management of conflict, the achievement of high levels of organizational justice, and the accomplishment of satisfactory results of the decision-making processes

Bioactive compounds isolated from Senecio kingii, S. magellanicus and S. candidans from the Magallanic Región of Chile

Trabajo presentado en el IV Congreso Iberoamericano de Productos Naturales celebrado en Río Gallegos (Argentina) del 28 al 30 de septiembre de 2014.The genus Senecio (Asteraceae), is distributed worldwide and consists around of 3.000 species. These species are mainly characterized by the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, furanoeremophilanes and flavonoids which have several biological activities (biopesticide, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-oxidant). In the present work we report on the isolation and structural elucidation of bioctive metabolites from S. kingii, an endemic plant species from the Magellan region (Chile). The structures of the compounds were established by mono-bidimensional NMR spectroscopic techniques, chemical correlation and comparison of bibliographic data. The insecticidal and fungicidal activities of fractions were assayed according to previously described methodology, showing significant activity.This work has been supported by a MICINN (CTQ2009-14629-C01) grant and a JAE-CSIC predoctoral fellowship to L.R.V.Peer Reviewe

Sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, shikimic acid derivatives and pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio kingii Hook

Twenty-four compounds including eleven eremophilanolides (1–11), one eremophilane (13), five shikimic acid derivatives (14–18), six flavonoids (19–24), and the macrocyclic unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloid integerrimine (25) were isolated from Senecio kingii, an endemic species from the Magallanes Region (Chile). Compounds 3, 5, 6, 8–11 and 13–18 have not been previously reported as natural products. Their molecular structures were determined by NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison with published NMR data. An X-ray-analysis of compound 3 has been performed. Their insecticidal and antifungal activities were tested, being compound 3 the strongest insect antifeedant. Compounds 6, 9 and 18 were moderate antifungals.This work has been supported by Grants MINECO (CTQ2012-38219-C03-01, SAF2011-28883-C03-01) Spain, and Dirección de Investigación (UMAG 2010-2012, n° ref. 027103, and 026703) Chile. L.R.V. thanks JAEPRE-DOC-CSIC for predoctoral fellowship.Peer Reviewe

Higher levels of self-reported sitting time is associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes independent of physical activity in Chile

Background: Sitting behaviours have increased markedly during the last two decades in Chile. However, their associations with health outcomes such as diabetes have not been reported. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the independent association of self-reported sitting time with diabetes-related markers and diabetes prevalence in Chile. Methods: This cross-sectional study included participants (aged ≥18 years) from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009–10 (n = 4457). Fasting glucose and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were measured by standardized protocols. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) was determined using WHO criteria. Physical activity (PA) and time spent sitting were determined using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Results: The odds ratio for T2D was 1.10 [95% CI: 1.04–1.16, P = 0.002] and 1.08 [1.02–1.14, P = 0.002] per 1 h increase in sitting time in men and women, respectively, independent of age, education, smoking, BMI and total PA. Overall, prevalence of T2D was 10.2 and 17.2% in individuals classified in the lowest and highest categories of sitting time, respectively. No significant associations were found between sitting time and glucose or HbA1c. Conclusions: Sitting time is positively associated with diabetes risk, independent of socio-demographic, obesity and PA levels, in the Chilean population

The Functions of Landscape in Jorge Isaacs and Soledad Acosta de Samper

Jorge Isaacs\u27s María (1867) and Soledad Acosta de Samper\u27s “Un crimen” (1869) encode landscape in ways that establish or undermine, respectively, hierarchies of class. Isaacs and Acosta de Samper represent landscapes as conveyors of meaning about relationships of dominance and subjugation, and they show how landscapes impose restrictions on their inhabitants in their narratives. Using concepts from cultural geography, this article argues that while Isaacs\u27s text seeks to reproduce existing social conditions of inequality via a nostalgic reproduction of the landscape, Acosta de Samper\u27s story calls into question the complicity of landscape with power and undermines the idyllic, pastoral narrative that María seeks to advance

Guidance on mucositis assessment from the MASCC Mucositis Study Group and ISOO: an international Delphi studyResearch in context

Summary: Background: Mucositis is a common and highly impactful side effect of conventional and emerging cancer therapy and thus the subject of intense investigation. Although common practice, mucositis assessment is heterogeneously adopted and poorly guided, impacting evidence synthesis and translation. The Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) Mucositis Study Group (MSG) therefore aimed to establish expert recommendations for how existing mucositis assessment tools should be used, in clinical care and trials contexts, to improve the consistency of mucositis assessment. Methods: This study was conducted over two stages (January 2022–July 2023). The first phase involved a survey to MASCC-MSG members (January 2022–May 2022), capturing current practices, challenges and preferences. These then informed the second phase, in which a set of initial recommendations were prepared and refined using the Delphi method (February 2023–May 2023). Consensus was defined as agreement on a parameter by >80% of respondents. Findings: Seventy-two MASCC-MSG members completed the first phase of the study (37 females, 34 males, mainly oral care specialists). High variability was noted in the use of mucositis assessment tools, with a high reliance on clinician assessment compared to patient reported outcome measures (PROMs, 47% vs 3%, 37% used a combination). The World Health Organization (WHO) and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) scales were most commonly used to assess mucositis across multiple settings. Initial recommendations were reviewed by experienced MSG members and following two rounds of Delphi survey consensus was achieved in 91 of 100 recommendations. For example, in patients receiving chemotherapy, the recommended tool for clinician assessment in clinical practice is WHO for oral mucositis (89.5% consensus), and WHO or CTCAE for gastrointestinal mucositis (85.7% consensus). The recommended PROM in clinical trials is OMD/WQ for oral mucositis (93.3% consensus), and PRO-CTCAE for gastrointestinal mucositis (83.3% consensus). Interpretation: These new recommendations provide much needed guidance on mucositis assessment and may be applied in both clinical practice and research to streamline comparison and synthesis of global data sets, thus accelerating translation of new knowledge into clinical practice. Funding: No funding was received