The Impact of Blatant Stereotype Activation and Group Sex-Composition on Female Leaders

The individual and combined impact of blatant stereotype activation and solo status or mixed-sex groups on the self-appraisals, performance, and anxiety of female leaders was examined across three laboratory studies. The first study utilized a two-condition, two-stage design in which female leaders were exposed to a blatant stereotype threat or control condition after which they completed a leadership task. In the second stage, the threatened leaders received a solo status manipulation (leading a group of men) while the control condition did not. In the second study a 2 (blatant threat, no blatant threat) by 2 (solo status, all-female group) fully factorial design was used to test the hypotheses. Finally, in Study 3, a similar factorial design was used with a mixed-sex, rather than solo, condition. Across the studies it was hypothesized and found that receiving a single stereotype threat would result in a positive, stereotype reactance, response. However, when both threats were combined a stereotype vulnerability response was elicited, as expected. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed

Avocado and Flaxseed Oleogels: the prospect of a healthy saturated fat substitute

Oleogelation is a novel technique that represents the forming of liquid oils into a gel-like structure by entrapping the liquid phase into a thermo-reversible and three-dimensional gel network. There has been a great interest in Oleogelation in many areas like pharmaceutics, food, and cosmetics. Oleogels are used to reduce the saturated and trans fatty acids in foods, making them healthier. The consumption of saturated and trans fatty acids increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Pehlivanoglu, Demirci, Toker, 2017). Avocado oil is high in oleic monounsaturated fatty acids and substantial amounts of health beneficial phytochemicals, such as vitamins and phytosterols. Avocado oil is rich in omega fatty acids that are good for human health, especially in preventing cardiovascular diseases (Wang et al., 2018). Safflower oil (SFO) from the seeds of Carthamus tinctorius L (Yenice variety) is colorless and flavorless and rich in linoleic acid (about 76% of total fat, a polyunsaturated FA) (He M, Armentano LE. 2011). Waxes are the most efficient oleogelators because of their ability to start crystallization at lower concentrations, easy to find, and they are natural. According to the FDA, waxes have been proven to be a good oleogelator, are natural, and have been recognized to have GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status (FDA,2018). Many types of oils and waxes can be used. For a successful oleogel, it is essential to find the right oil binding capacity (Patel et al., 2014). Three types of waxes were utilized; rice bran wax (4 and 8%), and carnauba, and candelilla wax (3 and 6%). The wax can affect the taste and texture of the food. It is essential to find the right ratio of wax to oil because a higher amount of wax will result in a strong and brittle gel. Otherwise, a small amount of wax will not create a stable gel. The objective of this study was to find the minimum amount of waxes to add in avocado oil and flaxseed oil to produce a stable oleogels useful for the food industry. The stability of the oleogel was analyzed with Oil Binding Capacity (OBC) Method and the visualization method at two different conditions (room temperature and 35 ºC) during two different times (Day 1 and Day 7). The fatty acid composition of the oils was evaluated by gas chromatography (Florence et al., 2012). Candelilla wax has the most significant oil binding capacity, and it is also the most stable, even at higher temperatures. Carnauba wax is slightly stable but only with 8% wax. Rice bran wax was not stable at all with 3% wax at room and oven temperature. It had the lowest oil binding capacity out of all three waxes. Higher amounts of wax improve the oil binding capacity

Very Large Array And Atca Search For Natal Star Clusters In Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies

In order to investigate the relationship between the local environment and the properties of natal star clusters, we obtained radio observations of 25 star-forming galaxies within 20 Mpc using the Very Large Array and the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Natal star-forming regions can be identified by their characteristic thermal radio emission, which is manifest in their spectral index at centimeter wavelengths. The host galaxies in our sample were selected based upon their likelihood of harboring young star formation. In star-forming regions, the ionizing flux of massive embedded stars powers the dominant thermal free-free emission of those sources, resulting in a spectral index of {alpha} {approx}\u3e -0.2 (where S{sub {nu}} {proportional_to} {nu}{sup {alpha}}), which we compute. With the current sensitivity, we find that of the 25 galaxies in this sample only 5 have radio sources with spectral indices that are only consistent with a thermal origin, 4 have radio sources that are only consistent with a non-thermal origin, 6 have radio sources whose nature is ambiguous due to uncertainties in the spectral index, and 16 have no detected radio sources. For those sources that appear to be dominated by thermal emission, we infer the ionizing flux of the star clusters andmore » the number of equivalent O7.5 V stars that are required to produce the observed radio flux densities. The most radio-luminous clusters that we detect have an equivalent of {approx}7 x 10{sup 3} O7.5 V stars, and the smallest only have an equivalent of {approx}10{sup 2} O7.5 V stars; thus these star-forming regions span the range of large OB associations to moderate \u27super star clusters\u27. With the current detection limits, we also place upper limits on the masses of clusters that could have recently formed; for a number of galaxies we can conclusively rule out the presence of natal clusters significantly more massive than the Galactic star-forming region W49A ({approx}5 x 10{sup 4} M{sub sun}). The dearth of current massive cluster formation in these galaxies suggests that either their current star formation intensities have fallen to near or below that of the Milky Way and/or the evolutionary state that gives rise to thermal radio emission is short-lived.« les

Histories of abuse predict stronger within-person covariation of ovarian steroids and mood symptoms in women with menstrually related mood disorder

Individual differences in sensitivity to cyclical changes in ovarian steroids estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) have been implicated in the pathophysiology of menstrually related mood disorder (MRMD). However, no prospective studies have investigated psychosocial risk factors for sensitivity to hormone effects on mood in MRMD. Using a repeated measures approach and multilevel models, we tested the hypothesis that a history of abuse provides a context in which within-person elevations of E2 and P4 prospectively predict daily symptoms

The Association between Parent\u27s Perception and Child\u27s Actual Motor Skills in Preschool-age Children

The preschool years is a critical time for the optimal development of children\u27s fine and gross motor skills for future engagement in physical activity. Parents play a critical role in the development of these skills and early identification of potential developmental delays in their children. Early identification of developmental delay is essential for early intervention and rely on accurate child screenings that are often administered by parents. Few studies have compared the accuracy of parent’s perceptions across two different measurements with children\u27s actual motor skills. PURPOSE: This study compared parents\u27 perceptions of their child’s motor skills on two assessments with their actual performance on the MABC-2. METHODS: 45 preschool-age children across the metro DFW area participated in this study (26 girls and 19 boys, Mage = 4.0).  IRB approval was obtained for all participants. Children were assessed using the MABC-2. The MABC-2 is comprised of 8 items across three subdomains (aiming and catching, manual dexterity, and balance). Parents completed two separate surveys on the perception of their child\u27s motor skills (Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), and the Little Developmental Coordination Disorder questionnaire (LDCDQ). The ASQ ask parents to compare their child\u27s abilities against other children within the same age group across five different domains (communication, gross motor, fine motor, personal-social, and problem solving). The LDCDQ ask parents to rate their child’s gross and fine motor abilities across fifteen different items. Bivariate correlations were used to analyze the relationship between parent responses and children’s scores on the MABC-2. RESULTS: On the LDCDQ, parents rating on fine motor skills was significantly related to total MABC-2 score; (p = .006, R = 0.402), manual dexterity (p= .038, R = 0.310), and aiming and catching (p-value = .005, R = 0.407). On the ASQ, parent\u27s ratings on fine motor skills were significantly related to total MABC-2 scores (p= .048, R = 0.303). Parent’s ratings on their child’s ASQ personal social skills were significantly related to total MABC-2 scores (p= .011, R = 0.385), and aiming and catching (p = .013, R = 0.377). No other correlations were significant amongst the parent assessments and child’s MABC scores. CONCLUSION: While neither assessment appeared to be more related to children\u27s actual scores than the other, in both assessments fines motors skills were more closely related to children\u27s actual performance

Early Identification of Developmental Coordination Disorder: Gender Differences in Performance of the Movement Assessment Battery in Preschool-age Children

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder often highlighted by a severe lack of motor coordination that interferes with activities of daily living. The prevalence of DCD in children ranges from 2 to 20% in the United States. Early identification and early intervention can help mitigate potential long term negative effects. The movement assessment battery for children (MABC-2) is a commonly used tool used to identify DCD. PURPOSE: This study examined gender differences in performance on the MABC-2 between preschool-age children. METHODS: 45 preschool-age children (26 girls and 19 boys, Mage = 4.0) were assessed using the MABC-2. The MABC-2 is comprised of 8 items across three subdomains (aiming and catching, manual dexterity, and balance). An independent samples t-test was conducted to observe the differences in each of the 3 sub domains of the MABC between boys and girls and by age. RESULTS: Overall, 39 of children were not at-risk for DCD, and 4 children were at-risk for DCD. The results show a significant difference in the balance domain with girls demonstrating more proficiency (p =0.03) than the boys. There were no significant differences found in manual dexterity (p = .76), aiming and catching (p =0.60), and overall test score (p = 0.18). There were no significant differences based on age across any of the domains. CONCLUSION: Early assessment of young children may be important as potential gender differences already exist by preschool-age. Separate norms may be necessary for boys and girls in this age band as several studies have consistently identified gender differences in the MABC-2. Further exploration of why these differences may exist at such an early age should be explored