Effect of Activated Carbon Made from Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao L.) Shells on the Adsorption of Iron in Aquifer Water

This research aims to determine the effect of activated carbon obtained from cocoa husks (Theobroma cacao L.) on the adsorption of iron (II) present in water of an aquifer for human consumption. Charcoal was prepared at different carbonization temperatures (500, 600 and 700 °C) for 30 minutes and activated with phosphoric acid in the proportions of 1:1. Iron (II) adsorption was determined as a function of variations in mixing speed, contact time, charcoal dosage and stirring speed. It was determined that, over the range considered, agitation speeds had no significant effect on the percentage of iron (II) removal, being the dose of activated carbon and temperature, the most influential variables. The water samples had an initial iron concentration of 3.15 mg/L and 4 mg/L. The best iron (II) adsorption result was obtained with activated carbon at the carbonization temperature of 700 °C, with a mass of 1.5 g of carbon, with efficiencies of 93 % and 98 % for both samples considered. Based on the results, it was concluded water for human consumption is treatable with activated carbon derived from Theobroma cacao L. for the adsorption of iron (II), considering that this parameter is below the maximum limit of 0.3 mg/L allowed by current regulations

Análisis Campo-Sustancia de TRIZ para el uso de Trichoderma asperelloides como antagónico en Citrus sinensis

La teoría de solución de problemas de inventiva (TRIZ), es el resultado del análisis minucioso de patentes a nivel mundial, forma parte de un sistema de principios y algoritmos donde se amplifica la posibilidad de encontrar soluciones innovadoras a problemas científicos, superando la inercia psicológica basada en paradigmas. El presente trabajo propone un análisis biológico utilizando la herramienta analítica TRIZ con el uso del Análisis Campo-Sustancia (Su-Field) originalmente destinado a resolver problemas de ingeniería para determinar el efecto antagónico de Trichoderma asperelloides frente a Fusarium, patógeno presentado en plantas de cítricos encontrando como el resultado final ideal el uso de T. asperelloides como agente de control patógeno en plantas de cítricos (Citrus sinensis) en el norte de Veracruz, México

E-Debitum: managing software energy debt

35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering Workshops (ASEW ’20) - International Workshop on Sustainable Software Engineering (SUSTAIN-SE)This paper extends previous work on the concept of a new software energy metric: Energy Debt. This metric is a reflection on the implied cost, in terms of energy consumption over time, of choosing an energy flawed software implementation over a more robust and efficient, yet time consuming, approach. This paper presents the implementation a SonarQube tool called E-Debitum which calculates the energy debt of Android applications throughout their versions. This plugin uses a robust, well defined, and extendable smell catalogue based on current green software literature, with each smell defining the potential energy savings. To conclude, an experimental validation of E-Debitum was executed on 3 popular Android applications with various releases, showing how their energy debt fluctuated throughout releases.This work is financed by National Funds through the Portuguese funding agency, FCT -Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia within project UIDB/50014/2020

Efecto de la intensidad de diodos electroluminosos y fotoperiodo en la optimización de la producción de biomasa de Spirulina (Arthrospira)

Biomass (ф) production from Spirulina sp. batch cultures was optimized in laboratory scale photobioreactors (LPB) of 0.2 L, by the effect of X1: intensity of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and X2: photoperiod, between 1.25-41.7 klux and 12/12-24/0 hours of light/dark (L/D) respectively using a central composite rotational design (CCRD) and response surface methodology (RSM). The hydraulic characteristics and ф value from Spirulina batch cultures were also evaluated in a closed-loop channel photobioreactor open to the atmosphere (PB-CLOA) by the effect of the lighting LED of 8.3±1.9 klux and photoperiod of 12/12 and 24/0 h L/D. Two optimal zones of ф in LPB were identified, both with a 21.5 klux LED intensity and photoperiod relationship of 12/2 and 24/0 h L/D, with values of 1.65 and 1.62 ф respectively. The mathematical model which indicated the optimal zones was of 2nd order, which had a high significance (p = 0.000396 < 0.05) achieving a predictive value of R2 = 0.92. In the PB-CLOA, the cultivation of Spirulina sp. with photoperiod of 12/12 h L/D, showed a ф value of 0.72, a more rapid adaptation of λ = 4.62 h, a higher specific growth rate of μmax=0.033 h-1 and reduced time energy consumption of 74.05 h; compared to culture developed with photoperiod 24/0 h L/D. The PB-CLOA hydraulic parameters were: operation volume 2.5 L, flow velocity 0.26 m/s, numbers of Reynolds (Re) 15488, Froude (Fr) 0.60 and Vedernikov (Ved) 0.90.Se optimizó la producción de biomasa (ф) de cultivos batch de Spirulina sp. en fotobiorreactores a escala de laboratorio (FBL) de 0,2 L, por efecto de X1: intensidad de diodos electroluminosos (LED’s) entre 1,25 a 41,7 klux y X2: fotoperiodo de12/12 a 24/0, h de luz/h de oscuridad (L/O) utilizando un diseño compuesto central rotacional (DCCR) y metodología de superficie de respuesta (MSR). Asimismo, se evaluaron las características hidráulicas y el valor ф de un cultivo batch de Spirulina en un fotobiorreactor de canal bucle cerrado abierto a la atmósfera (FB-BCAA) por efecto de la iluminación LED de 8,3±1,9 klux y fotoperiodos de 12/12 y 24/0 h L/O. En los FBL se encontró dos zonas óptimas de ф, ambas con una intensidad LED de 21,5 klux y fotoperiodos 12/12 y 24/0 h L/O, siendo los valores ф de 1,65 y 1,62 respectivamente. El modelo matemático que indicó estas zonas fue de segundo orden (p = 0,000396 < 0,05) con una consistencia de predicción de R² = 0,92. En el FB-BCAA, el cultivo de Spirulina sp. con fotoperiodo de 12/12 h L/O, mostró un valor ф de 0,72, una adaptación más rápida de λ = 4,62 h, una mayor velocidad específica de crecimiento de μmax= 0,033 h-1 y menor tiempo de consumo de energía de 74,05 h; comparado con el cultivo desarrollado con fotoperiodo 24/0 h L/O. Los parámetros hidráulicos del FB-BCAA fueron: volumen de operación 2,5 L, velocidad de flujo 0,26 m/s, números de Reynolds (Re) 15488, Froude (Fr) 0,60 y Vedernikov (Ved) 0,90

Escuelas de campo y producción de hortalizas orgánicas en una comunidad Tzotzil

Objective: Evaluate the impact of the transfer of horticultural technology through the Field Schools (ECA) to a group of Tzotziles farmers in Los Altos de Chiapas, Mexico.Design/methodology/approximation: The study was developed with seven families from San Jose del Carmen, San Cristobal de Las Casas, Chiapas. An initial diagnosis was made and during the period 2017-2018 the production of vegetables with the biointensive method was promoted. To evaluate the results, the following variables were determined: cultivated area, yield, diversity of species, stability and destination of production.Results: With the increase of knowledge in the production of crops by the biointensive method, the cultivated area increased by 91%, the production of vegetables in biointensive beds was 10.4 kg m-2. An increase of 86% of the cultivated species was achieved and there was food availability for eight months. 94% of the production was destined for self-consumption.Limitations of the study/implications: The results of this study are considered acceptable, however, it is necessary to continue with the technical support and determine the degree of adoption of technology. Findings/conclusions: The implementation of the Field Schools model increased the level of knowledge about the method of biointensive cultivation, improving the production and availability of vegetables in San Jose del Carmen, San Cristobal de Las Casas, Chiapas.Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la transferencia de tecnología hortícola a través de las Escuelas de Campo (ECA) a un grupo de productores indígenas Tzotziles de Los Altos de Chiapas, México. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: El estudio se desarrolló con siete familias de San José del Carmen, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas. Se realizó un diagnóstico inicial y durante el período 2017-2018 se promovió la producción de hortalizas con el método biointensivo. Para evaluar los resultados, se determinaron las siguientes variables: superficie cultivada, rendimiento, diversidad de especies, estabilidad y destino de la producción. Resultados: Con el incremento de los conocimientos en la producción de cultivos por el método biointensivo, la superficie cultivada aumento en un 91%, la producción de hortalizas en camas biointensivas fue de 10.4 kg m-2. Se logró un aumento de 86% de las especies cultivadas y hubo disponibilidad de alimentos durante ocho meses. El 94% de la producción se destinó para el autoconsumo. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: Los resultados de este estudio se consideran aceptables, sin embargo, es necesario continuar con el acompañamiento técnico y determinar el grado de adopción de tecnología. Conclusiones: La implementación del modelo Escuelas de Campo, incrementó el nivel de conocimientos sobre el método de cultivo biointensivo, mejorando la producción y disponibilidad de hortalizas en San José del Carmen, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas

Producción de hortalizas bajo escuelas de campo para la superación de la pobreza

Objective: Increase the diversity of species and yield in vegetable gardens to contribute to overcoming poverty in the town of Tlalcozotitlán, Copalillo, Guerrero.Design/methodology/approximation: The study was carried out with 30 families represented by a member belonging to the organization “El Copalito”, from the town of Tlalcozotitlán, Copalillo, Guerrero. The work was carried out through the Participatory-Action-Research (IAP), which corresponded to the approach and knowledge of the study area; the design and establishment of the plot-school of vegetables, through agroecological management; the development of capacities through the Field Schools (ECAs). The variables were the diversity and production of species in vegetable gardens, sale and economic income for families.Results: On average, the farmers plant 2.3 species of vegetables per family, but there are families that grow up to seven species: chile criollo, tomato, pápalo, miltomate, chipile, quelites and huanzontle, obtaining a total yield of 1 kg m-2 through conventional management, one income per day of $81.26. In the plot-school of vegetables were implemented ten agroecological innovations and increased to 5 species, however, there were producers who planted 16 species with average yield of 2.2 kg m-2 that corresponds 120$31.20 per day corresponding to 27.74%. There were statistically significant differences in the knowledge and adoption oftechnological innovations by the producers-promoters before and after having received the training courses.Limitations on the study/implications: The result obtained reflects an improvement in family income and contributes to overcoming poverty in the place of study; However, it is necessary to continue spreading agro-ecological technological innovations in order to obtain a better quality product.Findings/Conclusions: The training, technical assistance and dissemination through the model of Field Schools, has influenced so that the technological innovations developed with the project have been accepted and adopted by the producers in their vegetable gardens.Objetivo: Incrementar la diversidad de especies y rendimiento en huertos de hortalizas para contribuir a la superación de la pobreza en la localidad de Tlalcozotitlán, Copalillo, Guerrero.Diseño/metodología/aproximación: El estudio se realizó con 30 familias representadas por un integrante que pertenecen a la organización “El Copalito”, de la localidad de Tlalcozotitlán, Copalillo,Guerrero. El trabajo se llevó a cabo mediante la Investigación-Acción-Participativa (IAP), que correspondió al acercamiento y conocimiento  del área de estudio; el diseño y establecimiento de la parcela-escuelade hortalizas, mediante un manejo agroecológico; el desarrollo de capacidades a través de las Escuelas de Campo (ECAs). Las variables fueron la diversidad y producción de especies en huertos de hortalizas,venta e ingresos económicos para las familias.Resultados: En promedio los productores siembran 2.3 especies de hortalizas por familia, pero hay familias que cultivan hasta siete especies: chile criollo, tomate, pápalo, miltomate, chipile, quelites yhuanzontle, obteniendo un rendimiento total de 1 kg m-2 mediante un manejo convencional, un ingreso por día de $81.26. En la parcela-escuela de hortalizas se implementaron diez innovacionesagroecológicas y se incrementó a 5 especies, sin embargo, hubo productores que sembraron 16 especies con rendimiento promedio de 2.2 kg m-2 que corresponde 120$31.20 por día correspondiente a 27.74%. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el conocimiento y adopción de innovaciones tecnológicas por losproductores-promotores antes y después de haber recibido los cursos de capacitación.Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: El resultado obtenido refleja un mejoramiento en el ingreso familiar y contribuye en la superación de la pobreza en el lugar de estudio; sin embargo, se requiere seguir difundiendo las innovaciones tecnológicas agroecológicas para obtener un producto de mejor calidad.Hallazgos/conclusiones: La capacitación, asistencia técnica y la difusión mediante el modelo de Escuelas de Campo, ha incidido para que las innovaciones tecnológicas desarrolladas con el proyecto hayansido aceptado y adoptado por los productores en sus huertos de hortalizas

Situación económica y social de la población de San José del Carmen, San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas

Objective: To establish a baseline as a basis for the intervention of innovations through field schools and business plans. Design / methodology / approach: The study was developed in San Jose del Carmen, San Cristobal de Las Casas, Chiapas. A survey was developed as an instrument to collect in the field information from local families in order to know their current situation. The locality of work was chosen using as criteria the populations that are within the National Crusade against hunger and in the classification of extreme poverty Results: The locality of San José del Carmen is considered as highly marginalized, the population is bilingual, its main language is the Tzotzil, the average level of studies is up to the third year of primary school, the main productive activities are the planting of corn (Zea mays L.), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) and beans (Vicia faba L.) that are used mainly for self-consumption. They do not have potable water since their system is through the collection of rainwater or through a jagüey. Its main economic activities are the masonry by men and the sale of products such as: "pozol" (energy drink based on corn and cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), toast and some vegetables for part Women's. The toasts are produced in a traditional way with a process of double nixtamalization and sold in bags of 20 toast each, at a cost of MX 10.00 in the markets of San Cristóbal de las Casas from one to two times per week around 40 bags per day of sale. Limitations of the study / implications: The Zapatista affiliation of some of the inhabitants and the fact that some inhabitants do not speak Spanish, were factors that limited the 100% development of the study, however, it is considered that they have the necessary elements to establish the baseline of the situation of San José del Carmen. Conclusions: The diagnosis will serve as a tool to establish an intervention through innovations and business plans in the community under study. Villagers have the necessary tools to obtain new knowledge that helps their production development. The language should not be a limitation for it.Objetivo: Establecer una línea base como fundamento para la intervención e inducción de innovaciones a través de escuelas de campo y planes de negocios. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: El estudio se desarrolló en San José del Carmen, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, México. Se elaboró una encuesta como instrumento para recabar en campo información de familias de la localidad con la finalidad de conocer su situación actual. La localidad de trabajo se eligió utilizando como criterio las poblaciones que se encuentran dentro de Cruzada Nacional contra el hambre y en la clasificación de la pobreza extrema Resultados: La localidad de San José del Carmen es considerada como de alta marginación, la población es bilingüe, su principal lengua es el Tzotzil, el nivel de estudios promedio es hasta el tercer año de primaria, las principales actividades productivas son la siembra de maíz (Zea mays L.), frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) y haba (Vicia faba L.) que son utilizadas principalmente para autoconsumo.  No cuentan con agua potable ya que su sistema es a través de la recaudación de agua de lluvia o a través de un jagüey. Sus principales actividades económicas son la albañilería por parte de los hombres, y venta de productos, tales como el pozol (bebida energética a base de maíz y cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), tostadas y algunos vegetales por parte de las mujeres. Las tostadas son producidas en forma artesanal con un proceso de doble nixtamalización y vendida en bolsas de 20 tostadas cada una, a un costo de MX10.00 en los mercados de San Cristóbal de las Casas, una a dos veces por semana alrededor de 40 bolsas por día de venta. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La afiliación zapatista de alguno de los pobladores y el hecho de que algunos habitantes no hablen español, fueron factores que limitaron desarrollar al 100% el estudio; sin embargo, se considera que se tienen los elementos necesarios para establecer la línea base de la situación de San José del Carmen. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico servirá como una herramienta para establecer una intervención a través de innovaciones y planes de negocios en la comunidad de estudio. Los pobladores cuentan con herramientas necesarias para obtener nuevos conocimientos que ayuden a un desarrollo de su producción. El idioma no deberá de ser una limitante para ello

A global review of problematic and pathogenic parasites of farmed tilapia

Over the past 80 years, tilapia have been translocated globally for aquaculture; active production is recorded in >124 countries. Of 7 million tonnes of tilapia produced in aquaculture, 79% is from 79 countries outside the natural range of tilapia. Capture fisheries account for a further 723,627 tonnes of tilapia, and >47% of this is landed from established invasive populations outside Africa. Tilapias host a rich fauna of parasites, many of which have been translocated with their hosts. This review summarises >2500 host–parasite records from 73+ countries and >820 recorded tilapia translocations (provided in the supplementary materials). This work focuses on the notable pathogens that threaten the health of cultured populations of tilapia, providing a description of their pathology and includes species that also have substantial impacts on wild tilapia populations, where relevant. For each major parasite taxonomic group, we highlight which parasites have been translocated or have been acquired from the new environments into which tilapia have been introduced, together with remarks on standard treatment approaches and research on them and their management and control. Regarding the theme ‘Tilapia health: quo vadis?’, Africa has enormous potential for aquaculture growth, but substantial knowledge gaps about tilapia parasites in many African states remain, which creates associated production and biosecurity risks. For each parasitic group, therefore, the risks of parasite translocation to new regions as tilapia aquaculture industries expand are highlighted

Study of Spin and Decay-Plane Correlations of W Bosons in the e+e- -> W+W- Process at LEP

Data collected at LEP at centre-of-mass energies \sqrt(s) = 189 - 209 GeV are used to study correlations of the spin of W bosons using e+e- -> W+W- -> lnqq~ events. Spin correlations are favoured by data, and found to agree with the Standard Model predictions. In addition, correlations between the W-boson decay planes are studied in e+e- -> W+W- -> lnqq~ and e+e- -> W+W- -> qq~qq~ events. Decay-plane correlations, consistent with zero and with the Standard Model predictions, are measured

Charge separation relative to the reaction plane in Pb-Pb collisions at sNN=2.76\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}= 2.76 TeV

Measurements of charge dependent azimuthal correlations with the ALICE detector at the LHC are reported for Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 2.76$ TeV. Two- and three-particle charge-dependent azimuthal correlations in the pseudo-rapidity range $|\eta| < 0.8$ are presented as a function of the collision centrality, particle separation in pseudo-rapidity, and transverse momentum. A clear signal compatible with a charge-dependent separation relative to the reaction plane is observed, which shows little or no collision energy dependence when compared to measurements at RHIC energies. This provides a new insight for understanding the nature of the charge dependent azimuthal correlations observed at RHIC and LHC energies.Comment: 12 pages, 3 captioned figures, authors from page 2 to 6, published version, figures at http://aliceinfo.cern.ch/ArtSubmission/node/286