Estudio del gasto energético en una población adulta sana española: calorimetría indirecta "versus" modelos predictivos: propuesta de una nueva ecuación de estimación

El organismo humano es un sistema termodinámico que necesita energía para mantener sus funciones y la actividad física habitual. Del equilibrio entre la energía ingerida (alimentación) y la gastada (mantenimiento de la vida, actividad...) depende la estabilidad de las reservas corporales y, en consecuencia, el mantenimiento del peso. Conseguir el equilibrio energético es el principal objetivo de las actuales políticas de salud para la población de los países occidentales.Uno de los “brazos” de la balanza energética es el gasto energético total (GET), constituido en adultos por el gasto energético basal (que es el componente mayoritario), la termogénesis y la actividad física. Una correcta determinación del gasto energético basal es fundamental para una adecuada estimación del GET. Sin embargo, las técnicas de referencia empleadas en su valoración no resultan viables en la práctica clínica diaria. Por esta razón suelen aplicarse modelos predictivos, que son métodos rápidos, baratos y sencillos, aunque su fiabilidad depende fundamentalmente de la adecuada elección de la fórmula a aplicar en la población de estudio. Objetivos. Evaluar el grado de concordancia entre el valor del gasto energético en reposo estimado por calorimetría indirecta con el predicho por los modelos teóricos más utilizados en la práctica clínica en un grupo de adultos sanos. También se planteó desarrollar un modelo teórico de predicción del gasto energético en población adulta sana, y estudiar su comportamiento en una muestra de sujetos con IMC≥25 kg/m2. Conclusiones. El estudio teórico de la variabilidad del calorímetro portable Fitmate COSMED indicó que puede utilizarse de forma fiable en la determinación del gasto energético en reposo en adultos sanos. Dadas las grandes variaciones que se pueden producir en la estimación del gasto energético en reposo en función del modelo predictivo, se considera que la ecuación de Korth puede ser un método adecuado para la estimación del GER en sujetos adultos sanos de etnia caucásica, aunque las fórmulas de Schofield y Harris-Benedict, ampliamente utilizadas, y la de De-Lorenzo, también presentaron un comportamiento aceptable. Además se evidencia que los modelos de estimación del GER que incluyen variables como el sexo, la edad, el peso y/o la talla se comportan mejor en la predicción del GER en la población sana española evaluada que las que contienen variables de composición corporal. Se presenta un nuevo modelo de estimación del GER para población sana española fácilmente aplicable en la práctica diaria, que incluye las variables sexo, edad y peso: GER (kcal/d) = 1376,4 – 308 Sexo (V=0; M=1) + 11,1 Peso (kg) – 8 Edad (años) (R2: 0,68; EE: 175,95). La ecuación propuesta presenta un comportamiento adecuado en sujetos con IMC≥25 kg/m2.Departamento de Pediatría e Inmunología, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Nutrición y Bromatología, Psiquiatría e Historia de la Cienci

Applications of bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in the study of body composition in athletes

Producción CientíficaThe study of body composition (BC) allows evaluating nutritional status, optimizing competitive performance, and monitoring the success of training regimens in athletes. Since BC reference techniques are expensive and/or invasive, in practice simpler, less expensive, and safer methods such as anthropometry are often used. The problem is that anthropometry requires a qualified anthropometrist, a rigorous measurement protocol using validated equipment, and a lengthy procedure because of its limited accuracy. Bioimpedance analysis (BIA) is an indirect method for estimating BC in a simple, fast, inexpensive, noninvasive, accurate, and reproducible manner. Despite the limitations of conventional BIA, it is still the most commonly used method for assessing BC in athletes. However, bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) allows qualitative assessment of body cell mass (BCM) and hydration status without the need for biological assumptions and without being subject to conventional BIA errors. The purpose of this article was to demonstrate the uses and applications of BIA in the study of the BC and physical characteristics of athletes. For example, several practical cases of athletes from different sports were compared. The results obtained from somatotype studies, conventional BIA, and BIVA were included. BIVA interpretation and somatotype were consistent for all cases analyzed, but BIVA also provided information about hydration and BCM. The application of BIVA in the assessment of athletes can improve BC studies in sports because it is fast, simple, and reliable and neither imposes two-compartment-model limitations on BC estimation nor requires any biological assumptions

Social media for nutrition education—A randomized controlled trial to promote fruit and vegetable intake in a university setting: “The university of Valladolid community eats healthy” study

Producción CientíficaSocial media- and internet-based interventions are nowadays widely used tools in health interventions. Although evidence of their effectiveness is still low, their applications could be very promising due to their affordability and wide reach. The current paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention program, “The University of Valladolid Community Eats Healthy” (UVEH), to increase fruit and vegetable (FV) intake in adults from the University of Valladolid (U. Valladolid) employing three online methodologies. A sample of 211 volunteers was randomly assigned into four groups: virtual campus (VC), Facebook (FB), Instagram (IG), and control. An intervention based on the Theory of Planned Behavior was implemented for seven weeks. Data were collected at the beginning (T0) and the end of the program (T1). The Predimed questionnaire was employed to assess FV intake. Vegetable intake was statistically significantly higher in the VC group (17.4% pre vs. 72.7% post). In the rest of the groups, there was also an increase in intake. Fruit consumption increased slightly only in the VC group (23.9% pre vs. 45.5% post). Participation decreased through the weeks: FB (week 2), IG (week 3), and VC (week 4). Retention was higher in the VC (48%) and control (60%) groups. Internet-based interventions employing interactive platforms such as virtual campus can be effective in enhancing participants’ dietary habits in a clinically relevant manner

Prevalence of malnutrition in a group of institutionalized psychogeriatric patients using different diagnostic criteria

Producción CientíficaMalnutrition (MN) is a highly prevalent condition in the elderly. It is associated with functional impairment, disability, frailty, and sarcopenia. The aim was to analyze the capacity of GLIM and ESPEN criteria to diagnose MN in a sample of institutionalized psychogeriatric patients. Clinical and anthropometric data were collected in a cross-sectional study. Patients’ frailty, dependence, functional capacity, MNA, hand-grip strength (HS), and sarcopenia were evaluated. Body composition (BC) was estimated by conventional bioimpedance analysis. MN diagnosis was established using the ESPEN and the GLIM criteria based on fat-free mass index (GLIM-FFMI), appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (GLIM-ASMMI), skeletal muscle mass index (GLIM-SMMI), and HS (mGLIM). Ninety-two patients (57.6% men; mean age: 79.4 years) were studied. Depending on the diagnosis criteria, MN prevalence was between 25% (ESPEN) and 41.3% (GLIM-SMMI). Agreement between ESPEN and all GLIM criteria was poor, but it was excellent between all GLIM criteria (kappa > 0.8). Phenotypic criteria carried more weight in the diagnosis of MN than etiological ones. Depending on the parameter used, the prevalence of reduced muscle mass was notably different. Differences in BMI, BC, inflammation, and albumin are detected by the GLIM-FFMI criteria in the MN and non-MN subjects. Also, this criterion is the only one that identified differences in phase angle (PhA) between these groups. In the elderly, PhA can be very useful to monitor nutritional status

Cambios en la composición corporal en función del grado de demencia en un grupo de ancianos institucionalizados

Producción CientíficaValorar el estado nutricional de un grupo de ancianos institucionalizados con demencia, analizando los cambios en la composición corporal en función de su estadío evolutivo. Método: Se ha realizado un estudio transversal en el que se valoró el estado nutricional y la composición corporal (antropometría, MNA, y bioimpedancia) en 63 ancianos institucionalizados con diagnóstico de demencia en estadíos evolutivos 5, 6 y 7 de las escalas GDS (Global Deterioration Scale) y FAST (Functional Assessment Stating). Se calcularon los índices de masa grasa (IMG) y de masa libre de grasa (IMLG). Los resultados se analizaron mediante el ANOVA de un factor y ANOVA factorial o Kruskal-Wallis, y contrastes a posteriori de Scheffé. La significación se alcanzó con p < 0,05. Resultados: La media de edad fue 80,6 (IC 95%: 78,3-83,0; Rango: 51-95) años. Según el MNA, el 38,1% de la muestra presentaba malnutrición, el 60,3% riesgo de malnutrición, y el 1,6% normalidad nutricional. La media del índice de masa corporal fue 23,06 (22,01-24,10) kg/m2, sin diferencias significativas en función del estadío evolutivo, salvo en los paliativos (media: 19,85; IC 95%: 78,3-83,0 kg/m2). Los pacientes en estadíos GDS/FAST 5, 6 y 7 no paliativos presentan una Z-Score del IMG próxima a 0 DS, y una Z-Score del IMLG de aproximadamente -1 DS, resultados compatibles con una situación de sarcopenia. En los paliativos (GDS/FAST >= 7c) ambos índices son significativamente inferiore

Analysis of fluid balance and urine values in elite soccer players: Impact of different environments, playing positions, sexes, and competitive levels

Producción CientíficaExercise can disrupt the fluid balance, hindering performance and athlete health. Limited data exist on fluid balance responses in varying climates, sexes, and ages. This study aimed to measure and compare fluid balance and urine values among elite soccer players during training at high and low temperatures, examining the differences between sexes, playing positions, and competitive levels within men’s soccer. During the 2022–2023 competitive season, a descriptive observational study was conducted on 87 soccer players from an elite Spanish soccer team. The study found that none of the groups exceeded weight loss values of 1.5% of their body mass. Additionally, the soccer players studied experienced higher weight loss, fluid intake, and a higher sweat rate (SR) during summer training compared to winter training. During the summer, male U23-21 soccer players exhibited higher levels of weight loss, fluid intake, and a higher SR compared to female soccer players or the U19-17 male category. No significant differences were found between playing positions. In conclusion, differences in the fluid balance were observed based on the climatic conditions, competitive level, and sex

A collaboratively derived environmental research agenda for Galapagos

Galápagos is one of the most pristine archipelagos in the world and its conservation relies upon research and sensible management. In recent decades both the interest in, and the needs of, the islands have increased, yet the funds and capacity for necessary research have remained limited. It has become, therefore, increasingly important to identify areas of priority research to assist decision-making in Galápagos conservation. This study identified 50 questions considered priorities for future research and management. The exercise involved the collaboration of policy makers, practitioners and researchers from more than 30 different organisations. Initially, 360 people were consulted to generate 781 questions. An established process of preworkshop voting and three rounds to reduce and reword the questions, followed by a two-day workshop, was used to produce the final 50 questions. The most common issues raised by this list of questions were human population growth, climate change and the impact of invasive alien species. These results have already been used by a range of organisations and politicians and are expected to provide the basis for future research on the islands so that its sustainability may be enhanced. </jats:p

Search for supersymmetry in events with b-quark jets and missing transverse energy in pp collisions at 7 TeV

Results are presented from a search for physics beyond the standard model based on events with large missing transverse energy, at least three jets, and at least one, two, or three b-quark jets. The study is performed using a sample of proton-proton collision data collected at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC in 2011. The integrated luminosity of the sample is 4.98 inverse femtobarns. The observed number of events is found to be consistent with the standard model expectation, which is evaluated using control samples in the data. The results are used to constrain cross sections for the production of supersymmetric particles decaying to b-quark-enriched final states in the context of simplified model spectra.Comment: Submitted to Physical Review

Correction : Chaparro et al. Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain: Large-Scale Epidemiological Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2885

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain : Large-Scale Epidemiological Study

(1) Aims: To assess the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain, to describe the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics at diagnosis and the evolution of the disease, and to explore the use of drug treatments. (2) Methods: Prospective, population-based nationwide registry. Adult patients diagnosed with IBD-Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) or IBD unclassified (IBD-U)-during 2017 in Spain were included and were followed-up for 1 year. (3) Results: We identified 3611 incident cases of IBD diagnosed during 2017 in 108 hospitals covering over 22 million inhabitants. The overall incidence (cases/100,000 person-years) was 16 for IBD, 7.5 for CD, 8 for UC, and 0.5 for IBD-U; 53% of patients were male and median age was 43 years (interquartile range = 31-56 years). During a median 12-month follow-up, 34% of patients were treated with systemic steroids, 25% with immunomodulators, 15% with biologics and 5.6% underwent surgery. The percentage of patients under these treatments was significantly higher in CD than UC and IBD-U. Use of systemic steroids and biologics was significantly higher in hospitals with high resources. In total, 28% of patients were hospitalized (35% CD and 22% UC patients, p < 0.01). (4) Conclusion: The incidence of IBD in Spain is rather high and similar to that reported in Northern Europe. IBD patients require substantial therapeutic resources, which are greater in CD and in hospitals with high resources, and much higher than previously reported. One third of patients are hospitalized in the first year after diagnosis and a relevant proportion undergo surgery