Características estruturais e ultraestruturais da espermatogênese do cascudo-cinza Liposarcus anisitsi (Holmberg, 1893) (Teleostei, Siluriformes)

Liposarcus anisitsi é um teleósteo de água doce da ordem Siluriforme, com fertilização externa, possui um processo de espematogênese cística com estrutura espermatogonial lobular irrestrita dos testículos. Nesta espécie, a espermatogônia primária intracística ou isolada é considerada como a "stem cell" da linhagem espermatogenética. Então, como consequência do processo da espermatogênese cística de Liposarcus anisitsi todas as três células germinativas são observadas no interior de cistos espermatogenéticos específicos, desde as espermatogônias primárias e secundárias até os espermatócitos e espermátides jovens e maduras. A espermatogônia possui forma esférica, com núcleo central e grande quantidade de mitocôndrias redondas e retículo endoplasmático, principalmente do tipo rugoso, em seu citoplasma. Os espermatócitos primários se inter-relacionam através de pontes citoplasmáticas e são claramente identificados pela presença de complexos sinaptonêmicos no interior de seus núcleos. Espermátides jovens no início da fase maturacional, tanto quanto as espermátides maduras tendem a exibir núcleos esféricos, um modelo variável de progressiva condensação cromatínica durante o estágio final da espermiogênese. Nestes estágios finais, as espermátides maduras mostra uma fossa nuclear formada para a fixação do flagelo. O espermatozóide de Liposarcus anisitsi possui cabeça redonda, núcleo redondo, cromatina densa, ausência de acrossoma, curta peça intermediária e longa cauda (peças principal e terminal do flagelo).Liposarcus anisitsi is a freshwater teleost from Siluriform order with external fertilization that shows cystic spermatogenesis process with spermatogonial unrestricted lobular structure of the testes. In this species, isolated or intracystic primary spermatogonia were noted as the ¨stem cells¨ of the spermatogenetic lineage. Thus, as consequence of the cystic spermatogenesis process of Liposarcus anisitsi all the three germinative cells are observed inside specific spermatogenetic cysts, since the primary and secondary spermatogonias until the spermatocytes and early and late spermatids. Spermatogonia show spherical shape with central nuclei and great amount of round mitochondria and ER profiles mainly of rough type in their cytoplasm. Primary spermatocytes have inter-relations through cytoplasmic bridges and are clearly identified by presence of synaptonemic complexes inside the nuclei. Early spermatids beginning maturational phases, as well as the late spermatids, tend to exhibit spherical nuclei, variable chromatin pattern with progressive condensation during the end steps of the spermiogenesis. In this end steps, the late spermatids show the nuclear fossa formed to the fixation of the flagella. The spermatozoon of Liposarcus anisitsi shows round head, round nuclei, very dense chromatin, lack of acrosoma, short middle piece and long tail (principal and end pieces of the flagellum)

Histopathological changes in surubim Pseudoplatystoma coruscans subjected to high levels of vitamin C

This study evaluated the supplementation of vitamin C in diets for Pseudoplatystoma coruscans (surubim) juveniles. The effects of high concentrations of vitamin C were evaluated through the histological skin alterations regarding the structure of epidermis and collagen deposition. Ascorbic polyphosphate (AP) was used as a source of vitamin C in the diet of the surubim juveniles at concentrations of 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg of AP/kg diet added to a basic diet (control; 0 mg AP/kg diet). After 90 days, six animals per treatment were euthanized and fragments of skin were sampled. The histological cuts were stained with hematoxilin - eosin (HE), Masson tricromic (TM), and Periodic acid Schiff (PAS). The epidermis showed disarrangement of the club cells in fish from control group and in fish fed with the 2000 and 2500 mg of AP/kg of diet. The treatment with 2500 mg of AP/kg of diet also caused the lowest epidermis height. However, no morphological skin alterations were observed on treatments 500, 1000, and 1500 mg of AP/kg of diet. Thus, decreases in epidermis height and changes in club cells arrangement can be recognized as new clinical signs of hypervitaminosis C in that fish, hindering skin development

Effects of Fungicides for Non Target Fungi Alternaria cassiae

The fungicides are used to control of pathogenic fungi in several tilth but they can affect negatively the microorganisms diversity of soil. The aim of this research was to evaluate the toxicity and environmental risk of tebuconazoles: captan, tebuconazole and the mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride for fungi Alternaria cassiae. Each fungicide were performed three experiments in completely randomized design with three repetitions and the growth was evaluated daily. Inhibition concentration (IC50;7d) of tebuconazole was 3.49 mg L-1, the captan was 47.36 mg L-1 and of mixture chlorothalonil + propamocarb hidrochloride, 64.04 mg L-1. Tebuconazole is classified as moderately toxic and sensitivity, captan, low toxicity and sensitivity and the mixture, non toxic and insensitive but only captan showed possibility of adverse effect for A. cassiae

Morphological characteristics of the ventricular myocardium of Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomun; Characidae, Cuvier, 1818)

O Colossoma macropomun, peixe teleósteo com hábito natatório intenso, apresentou ventrículo cardíaco com forma piramidal e miocárdio com estrutura mista, sendo formada por uma camada compacta externa e outra esponjosa interna. Esta estrutura bilaminar diferenciada, atualmente, tem sido correlacionada com o hábito natatório e com a morfologia ventricular.The neotropical teleost fish Colossoma macropomun an active swimming species showed cardiac ventricle with pyramidal shape and myocardium with mixed structure. The myocardium presented an outer compact layer and an inner spongy layer whose particular bilaminar structure hitherto has been correlated to swimmer habit as well as to ventricular shape

Morphological characteristics of the ventricular myocardium of Tambaqui (Colossoma macropomun; Characidae, Cuvier, 1818)

O Colossoma macropomun, peixe teleósteo com hábito natatório intenso, apresentou ventrículo cardíaco com forma piramidal e miocárdio com estrutura mista, sendo formada por uma camada compacta externa e outra esponjosa interna. Esta estrutura bilaminar diferenciada, atualmente, tem sido correlacionada com o hábito natatório e com a morfologia ventricular.The neotropical teleost fish Colossoma macropomun an active swimming species showed cardiac ventricle with pyramidal shape and myocardium with mixed structure. The myocardium presented an outer compact layer and an inner spongy layer whose particular bilaminar structure hitherto has been correlated to swimmer habit as well as to ventricular shape

Análise morfológica da placenta da paca (Agouti paca, Linnaeus, 1766: Estudo ao microscópio de luz e à microscopia eletrônica de transmissão

Morphological aspects of the placenta of paca (Agouti paca, L., 1766) were studied by means of analysis with light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of tissue samples corresponding to the portion of greatest placental connection of nine placentas in different pregnant females, in intermediary and final phases of pregnancy. We performed this study because there was, associated with the necessity of searching new specimen that might act as fine experimental models, the availability of this rodent in our environment. In the other hand, an improved knowledge of the reproductive aspects of these animals offers subsidizes to the establishment of rational raising centers of this species, since its preservation is necessary, besides the big commercial interest on its meat. The results showed that this rodent presents one vitelline and one chorio-allantoic placenta, which is a hemochorial and labyrinthine organ, histologically composed by lobules divided into three different portions: lobule center, labyrinth, and interlobule. In the lobule center portion the presence of arteries and veins was noticed, and in its peripheral portion there were two tubular systems set in a parallel way, where blood lacunas and capillaries were in close contact, constituting the labyrinth portion. Arteries and veins composed the interlobule. The main component of the placenta was the trophoblast, which independently from its site, presented a syncytio origin. Regarding the ultrastructure, the placenta barrier of paca was classified as hemomonochorial.Foram estudados os aspectos morfológicos de nove placentas de paca (Agouti paca, L., 1766) mediante análises em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão dos fragmentos teciduais correspondentes à porção de maior conexão placentária em diferentes fêmeas gestantes, nos estágios intermediário e final da prenhez. Realizamos este estudo, pois, aliada à necessidade da procura de novas espécies que atuem como modelos experimentais adequados, havia a disponibilidade deste roedor em nosso meio; por outro lado, o melhor conhecimento dos aspectos reprodutivos destes animais oferece subsídios ao estabelecimento de criatórios racionais desta espécie, uma vez que a preservação deste vertebrado é necessária, além do grande interesse comercial em torno de sua carne. Os resultados mostraram que este roedor possui uma placenta do tipo vitelina e outra do tipo corioalantoidiana, sendo este órgão do tipo hemocorial, labiríntico, que se apresenta histologicamente composto por lóbulos divididos em três regiões distintas: o centro do lóbulo, o labirinto e o interlóbulo. Na região do centro do lóbulo, verificou-se a presença de artérias e veias; e em sua região periférica estavam presentes dois sistemas tubulares arranjados de forma paralela, onde as lacunas sangüíneas e os capilares estavam em íntimo contato, formando a região do labirinto. O interlóbulo era composto de artérias e veias. O trofoblasto era o principal componente da placenta, que, independentemente da região onde se encontrava, mostrava-se de natureza sincicial. Ultra-estruturalmente a barreira placentária da paca foi classificada como hemomonocorial

EFICÁCIA DA MISTURA DE ALGICIDA COM HERBICIDAS EM MACRÓFITAS E CONTROLE SECUNDÁRIO DE ALGAS

The objectives of this study were to determine the effectiveness of the control of imazamox and saflufenacil herbicides isolated and in combination with copper hydroxide (copper ion source) in the control of macrophytes (Ceratophyllum demersum) and to determine the efficacy of control of unicelular (Ankistrodesmus gracilis) and filamentous (Pitophora kewensis) algae mixtures imazamox + 0.1% copper and saflufenacil + 0.1% copper, in laboratory condition. For the control of C. demersum, the experiments were installed with concentrations of 0.01; 0.1; 1.0; 2.5; 5.0; and 10.0 mg L-1 imazamox and saflufenacil isolated or added 0.1% copper source. For experiments with unicellular algae (70 mL of collected water) and filamentous algae (1.0 g) was used at concentrations of 0.01; 0.1; 1.0; 2.5; 5.0; and 10.0 mg L-1 imazamox and saflufenac plus 0.1% copper. After the end of the experiment the concentration of chlorophyll a and pheophytin was determined in the samples. With the use of imazamox + 0.1% copper there was a reduction of 100% of the weight and the length of the macrophyte from 2.5 mg L-1. With saflufenacil + 0.1% copper occurred 100% plant mortality in 1.0 mg L-1. The tested mixtures were also effective in reducing the photosynthetic activity of unicellular and filamentous algae. The application of the imazamox and saflufenacil herbicides added with 0.1% of copper hydroxide shows synergism in the control of submerged macrophytes and may present algicide side effect.Os objetivos deste estudo foram determinar a eficácia de controle dos herbicidas imazamox e saflufenacil, isolados e em mistura com hidróxido de cobre (fonte de íon cobre) no controle da macrófita (Ceratophyllum demersum) e determinar a eficácia de controle de alga unicelular (Ankistrodesmus gracilis) e filamentosa (Pitophora kewensis) das misturas imazamox + 0,1% de cobre e saflufenacil + 0,1% de cobre, em condição de laboratório. Para o controle de C. demersum, os experimentos foram instalados com as concentrações de 0,01; 0,1; 1,0; 2,5; 5,0; e 10,0 mg L-1 imazamox e saflufenacil isolados ou acrescido de 0,1% de fonte cobre. Para os experimentos com alga unicelular (70 mL da água coletada) e alga filamentosa (1,0g) foi utilizado a concentrações 0,01; 0,1; 1,0; 2,5; 5,0; e 10,0 mg L-1 imazamox e saflufenacil acrescidos de 0,1% de cobre. Após o término do experimento foi determinado à concentração de clorofila a e feofitina a presentes nas amostras. Com a utilização de imazamox + 0,1% de cobre ocorreu redução de 100% do peso e do comprimento da macrófita a partir de 2,5 mg L-1. Com o saflufenacil + 0,1% de cobre ocorreu 100% de mortalidade das plantas em 1,0 mg L-1. As misturas testadas também foram eficazes na redução da atividade fotossintética de algas unicelulares e filamentosas. A aplicação dos herbicidas imazamox e saflufenacil acrescidos de 0,1% de hidróxido de cobre apresenta sinergismo no controle de macrófitas submersas e pode apresentar efeito secundário algicida