The Duty to Warn in Toxic Tort Litigation

Subsequent to the landmark case of Greenman v. Yuba Power Products, Inc., the American judicial system has become encumbered by a staggering number of products liability actions. A significant number of these cases involve allegations of inadequate or nonexistent warnings. Given society\u27s increasing reliance on chemical products, the potential for additional claims from accidental exposure to or improper use of toxic chemicals in the home, the workplace, and the environment is immense, notwithstanding the best efforts of the chemical industry to minimize the risk of injury. The result is a huge cost to manufacturers -both from paying damage claims and incurring legal expenses in resisting claims. This Article begins with a description of the general elements of an adequate warning, utilizing the Restatement (Second) of Torts as a guide. It then focuses upon the learned intermediary doctrine, an exception to the general rules concerning adequate warning, to determine if its rationale permits application in other contexts. The discussion then shifts to an analysis of the duty to warn under the Uniform Product Liability Act (UPLA), drafted by the United States Department of Commerce, which suggests that the doctrine should be applied to hazardous chemical manufacturers. Finally, an analysis of the pertinent case law determines the parameters of this emerging doctrine and the extent to which these parameters have mirrored the guidelines set forth in the UPLA

Clinical, ultrasonographic, and endocrinological studies on donkey pregnancy

Although donkey breeding has gained new interest in the past two decades, knowledge about donkey reproduction is still scarce, particularly on jenny pregnancy. The aim of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic and endocrine profiles of the physiological pregnancy in the jenny. The study was performed on 12 pregnancies of 7 Amiata donkeys from Day 10 after ovulation to delivery. Because three pregnancies, respectively at weeks 42, 44, and 45, were considered pathologic and treated pharmacologically, data collected from 2 weeks before diagnosis to the end of pregnancy were removed from the analysis. Average length of the normal pregnancies was 353.4 ± 13.0 days (range, 339-370 days). Timing, dimensions, and development during the first phases of embryonic growth, evaluated using transrectal ultrasound, were similar to that previously described in jennies and mares: first detection of embryonic vesicle was at 11.8 ± 1.3 days of gestation and diameter was 6.5 ± 1.9 mm, loss of spherical shape occurred at 18.5 ± 1.4 days, and embryo and heart beat were first seen at 22.0 ± 1.1 and 25 ± 1.1 days, respectively. The intrauterine growth in the second half of pregnancy, evaluated using the transrectal and transabdominal approach, also showed strong positive correlations, similar to that reported for the mare. The trends of the combined thickness of the utero-placental unit and the echogenicity of the amniotic and allantoic fluids are examples. The diameters (mm) of fetal chest, eye orbit, and aorta increased throughout pregnancy and were 40.6 ± 2.9, 8.7 ± 1.5, and 3.5 ± 0.7, respectively, at week 13, and 190.9 ± 12.0, 21.4 ± 1.5, and 30.6 ± 1.8 at the last evaluation before parturition. In contrast, heart rate decreased as pregnancy progressed. Regression analyses between these parameters and day of gestation were statistically significant (P < 0.001). All fetuses consistently showed some intrauterine activity. Maternal plasma progestagens and estrone sulfate concentrations followed a pattern similar to that seen in mares, although the prepartal progestagen peak was lower in jennies. This study provides a range of ultrasonographic and endocrine values for normal pregnancy in jennies. © 2014 Elsevier Inc

The Use of Six Sigma to Assess Two Prostheses for Immediate Breast Reconstruction

Breast reconstruction is fundamental and urgent for patients in order to avoid future psychological and physical issues. That’s why immediate breast reconstruction has been requested increasingly in the last years. In this study two prosthesis with different structures and properties were compared according the aesthetic appearance (BREAST-Q© was employed) and five complications (seroma, hematoma, infections, dehiscence and red breast syndrome). The overall population was composed by 56 patients: 24 received a Tutomesh prosthesis and 32 received a Surgimend prosthesis. The DMAIC (define, measure, analyse, improve and control) cycle was implemented as a problem-solving strategy of the Six Sigma to compare the prostheses. While statistically significant difference between the two groups wasn’t found according to the overall BREAST-Q© (p-value = 0.674), the number of complications of the two groups resulted statistically different (p-value of chi-square test less than 0.001). Although it is not possible to understand from this study the reasons of the differences between the complications, this research proved that Surgimend and Tutomesh prostheses can be both implanted safely for immediate breast reconstruction since the higher costs of Surgimend could be neutralized with its lower hospitalization compared to Tutomesh. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Seismic vulnerability assessment of existing Italian hospitals: The case study of the national cancer institute “G. Pascale foundation” of Naples

Introduction: A large portion of the Italian built heritage is characterized by a significant seismic vulnerability since many structures were designed with outdated criteria, i.e., without accounting for seismic actions. This aspect is particularly relevant for strategic structures and infrastructures, whose functionalities are crucial in case of seismic events. Objective: The main aim of the present paper is to share the key findings related to the seismic vulnerability assessment of the National Institute for the Study and Treatment of Cancer (IRCCS) “Giovanni Pascale Foundation” in Naples. In particular, the main evidences could be easily extended to existing hospitals realized in the last century, with the main reference to: construction techniques, quality of constructional material, overt and convert seismic vulnerabilities and possible intervention strategies for risk mitigation. Methods: In the present paper, the assessment methodologies adopted for such a strategic hospital complex are provided, focusing in particular on: i. preliminary research of original design documents and on-site investigation for determining constructional details; ii. material tests on structural elements; iii. vulnerability seismic assessment by means of non-linear FE analyses (push-over and capacity spectrum method); iv. recommendations on retrofitting measures and cost estimations. Results: The conducted study puts into clear evidence the inadequacy of the investigated buildings to face the design seismic actions provided by the current Italian code and thus showed the significant seismic vulnerabilities affecting the Institute “G. Pascale Foundation” of Naples. Among these, particular attention has also been focused on the so-called intrinsic vulnerabilities, namely the ones not measurable explicitly and interesting non-structural elements (e.g., connection of shelves, stained glass windows, facilities, etc.). Conclusion: The presented case study highlights the strong seismic vulnerability affecting structures realized in the past century, despite their strategic functions. On the whole, the examined structures can be considered as representative of this building typology, and the adopted calculation criteria, as well as the assumptions of the assessment process, could be easily extended to similar case studies

Development of doped-KMgF3 fluoro-perovskite nanoparticles with upconversion properties for potential biomedical application

Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNps) possess the ability to convert light from low to high energy. In particular, the absorption of radiation by these nanomaterials in the near-infrared region of the spectrum, and their subsequent emission in the visible region, is of great interest for biomedical applications. Conventional antitumor therapies often produce a high degree of side effects. Consequently, it is proposed to investigate the development of less invasive alternative therapies as photothermal therapy, using UCNps. The upconversion property could be achieved by incorporating dopants (rare earths and transition metals) in fluorine-based crystalline environments. On the other hand, it is important to control the size of the nanoparticles for their use in biomedical applications, for that reason we plan to obtain nanoparticles with an approximate size less than 50 nm. In the present work, the development of KMgF3 fluoroperovskite nanoparticles by solvothermal synthesis is presented, applying a factorial experimental design which consists of four factors (temperature, time and two limiting reagents) at two levels and choosing the average particle size as a variable response. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy, in order to know the crystalline phase and particle size. As a result, KMgF3 nanoparticles with an average size between 13 and 31 nm were obtained. In addition, data obtained were statistically processed by Analysis of Variance, to determine the significant factors and their interactions, achieving the optimal synthesis conditions. From these results, a series of samples doped with Mn2+ and/or Nd3+ were obtained in order to find the optimal dopant concentrations for efficient upconversion properties. Our work is the starting point for the development of UCNps allowing them to be applied in future antitumor therapies.Agencia Nacional de investigación e InnovaciónPEDECIBAComisión Académica de Postgrad

Fluoro-perovskite nanomaterials for photodynamic cancer treatment”

Upconverting nanoparticles (UCNps) possess the ability to convert light from low to high energy. In particular, the absorption of radiation by these nanomaterials in the near-infrared region of the spectrum, and their subsequent emission in the visible region, is of great interest for biomedical applications. Conventional antitumor therapies often produce a high degree of side effects. Consequently, it is proposed to investigate the development of less invasive alternative therapies as photothermal therapy, using UCNps. The upconversion property could be achieved by incorporating dopants (rare earths and transition metals) in fluorine-based crystalline environments. On the other hand, it is important to control the size of the nanoparticles for their use in biomedical applications, for that reason we plan to obtain nanoparticles with an approximate size less than 50 nm. In the present work, the development of KMgF3 fluoroperovskite nanoparticles by solvothermal synthesis is presented, applying a factorial experimental design which consists of four factors (temperature, time and two limiting reagents) at two levels and choosing the average particle size as a variable response. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy, in order to know the crystalline phase and particle size. As a result, KMgF3 nanoparticles with an average size between 13 and 31 nm were obtained. In addition, data obtained were statistically processed by Analysis of Variance, to determine the significant factors and their interactions, achieving the optimal synthesis conditions. From these results, a series of samples doped with Mn2+ and/or Nd3+ were obtained in order to find the optimal dopant concentrations for efficient upconversion properties. Our work is the starting point for the development of UCNps allowing them to be applied in future antitumor therapies.Agencia Nacional de investigación e InnovaciónPrograma de Desarrollo de las Ciencias BásicasComisión Académica de Postgrad

Overall exposure of european adult population to mycotoxins by statistically modelled biomonitoring data

This study presents the exposure scenario to mycotoxins of adult population throughout Europe. The urinary biomarkers values were obtained by modelling data from two European projects. Exposure to AFB1, OTA, CIT, FBs, DON, NIV and T2/HT2 are presented. The main output obtained refers to a concern for public health about AFM1, FBs, T2/HT2 and NIV, and low concern for OTA, DON and CIT. The margin of exposure for AFM1 did not respect the reference value of 10,000 considered of low priority for risk; for Fusarium toxins, FBs and T2/HT2, probable daily intake (PDI) values resulted about ten times higher than their tolerable daily intake and NIV presented the most critical situation with a calculated PDI 30 times higher than the reference TDI value. North and South Europe scenarios were also depicted by clustering biomonitoring data. OTA and DON showed to be prevalent in Northern countries and the opposite was noticed for ZEN, higher in Southern countries. The critical issues of the availability of records feeding the dataset and of the accuracy of excretion rate for some mycotoxins are source of uncertainty for the reliability of the outputs, nevertheless the time is ripe for asking for more concrete HBM values and/or HBM-HBGV which would help in interpreting the burden of mycotoxins in Europe

Age as a risk factor in the occurrence of pneumothorax after transthoracic fine needle biopsy: Our experience

Transthoracic needle biopsy (TTNB) of the lung is a well-established technique for diagnosing many thoracic lesions, and is an important alternative to more invasive surgical procedures. Complications of TTNB include pneumothorax, hemoptysis, hemothorax, infection, and air embolism, with the most common complication as pneumothorax. From June 2011 to June 2014 we performed a prospective study of 188 patients who underwent TTNB with CT guidance at University Hospital of Salerno, Italy. Pneumothorax occurred in 14 of 188 biopsies (7.45%). With the respect of age of patients pneumothorax occurred more frequently in patients aged 60-70 years, while it was less frequent in younger (70 years). In conclusion, data of our prospective study documented that CT-guided TTNB is a safe and reliable procedure in elderly patients with suspected chest malignancy and is well tolerated