Atteintes pathologiques de Nazlet Khater 2 et activité minière au début du paléolithique supérieur en Egypte

International audienceThe Nazlet Khater 2 (NK 2) skeleton, discovered in 1980 in Egypt, constitutes the oldest early Upper Palaeolithic modern human remains from North Africa. The association of this individual with the mining site of Nazlet Khater 4 (NK 4) provides a unique opportunity to understand the arthritis and enthesopathy lesions of this individual within a well-defi ned archaeological context. After elimination of the most frequent causes of enthesopathy and osteoarthritis, it appears that the many lesions seen on NK 2 are evidence of an arduous life style during which this individual was submitted to heavy mechanical stresses. The characterisation of specifi c movements or activities based on the complex pattern of lesions on NK 2 seems to us uncertain. However, it is possible to discuss the relationship between bone remodelling and mining activity on the basis of the archaeological context of Nazlet Khater 4 and previous work on samples from mining populations.Le squelette de Nazlet Khater 2 (NK 2), découvert en Égypte en 1980, constitue les seuls restes humains complets dʼHomme moderne du début du Paléolithique supérieur au nord de lʼAfrique. Son association avec le site minier de Nazlet Khater 4 (NK 4) offre une opportunité unique dʼétudier les atteintes arthrosiques et enthésopathiques de cet individu au sein dʼun cadre archéologique clairement établi. Après avoir écarté les causes les plus fréquentes dʼenthésopathies et dʼarthrose, il apparaît que les multiples lésions de NK 2 témoignent probablement dʼun mode de vie éprouvant et que ce dernier devait être soumis à des contraintes mécaniques importantes. Si la caractérisation de certains types de mouvements ou dʼactivités précises nous paraît hasardeuse, lʼhypothèse dʼune relation entre ces lésions et lʼactivité minière est discutée à partir du contexte archéologique de Nazlet Khater 4 ainsi que des travaux menés sur des échantillons dʼindividus ayant travaillé dans des mine

Atteintes pathologiques de Nazlet Khater 2 et activité minière au début du Paléolithique supérieur en Egypte

Le squelette de Nazlet Khater 2 (NK 2), découvert en Égypte en 1980, constitue les seuls restes humains complets d’Homme moderne du début du Paléolithique supérieur au nord de l’Afrique. Son association avec le site minier de Nazlet Khater 4 (NK 4) offre une opportunité unique d’étudier les atteintes arthrosiques et enthésopathiques de cet individu au sein d’un cadre archéologique clairement établi. Après avoir écarté les causes les plus fréquentes d’enthésopathies et d’arthrose, il apparaît que les multiples lésions de NK 2 témoignent probablement d’un mode de vie éprouvant et que ce dernier devait être soumis à des contraintes mécaniques importantes. Si la caractérisation de certains types de mouvements ou d’activités précises nous paraît hasardeuse, l’hypothèse d’une relation entre ces lésions et l’activité minière est discutée à partir du contexte archéologique de Nazlet Khater 4 ainsi que des travaux menés sur des échantillons d’individus ayant travaillé dans des mines.The Nazlet Khater 2 (NK 2) skeleton, discovered in 1980 in Egypt, constitutes the oldest early Upper Palaeolithic modern human remains from North Africa. The association of this individual with the mining site of Nazlet Khater 4 (NK 4) provides a unique opportunity to understand the arthritis and enthesopathy lesions of this individual within a well-defined archaeological context. After elimination of the most frequent causes of enthesopathy and osteoarthritis, it appears that the many lesions seen on NK 2 are evidence of an arduous life style during which this individual was submitted to heavy mechanical stresses. The characterisation of specific movements or activities based on the complex pattern of lesions on NK 2 seems to us uncertain. However, it is possible to discuss the relationship between bone remodelling and mining activity on the basis of the archaeological context of Nazlet Khater 4 and previous work on samples from mining populations

Molecular effective quantification of pathogens and total flora in meat products

CONSALI

Potentiel microbiote résident dans les tissus de glande mammaire de vaches laitières prélevé en abattoir

Aseptic milking samples and microbiological analyses are used in routine for bovine mastitis diagnosis. Few papers treated about a resident microbiota in the ruminant healthy mammary gland tissues (Spuria et al., 2017), or about immunological consequences related with a such cohabitation (Rainard, 2017). In practice, it’s difficult to sample mammary gland tissues out of risks for cows health or milk production. We thus design a study based on samples taken at abattoir. It aimed at identify, quantify, compare the cow milk and mammary gland tissues microbiota of macroscopically healthy mammary glands, by classical microbiological analyses and by amplicon sequencing. We harvested thirteen couples of milk secretion and tissue samples, originated from the same quarter of reformed cows. Aseptic milking has been done just before culling and mammary gland tissues had been taken of the carcasses on slaughterline. Total and specific microbiological counting and metagenetic analysis were performed. Metagenetic analyses showed one main bacterial genus, Corynebacterium, generally found in the milk in higher proportions than in tissues. When it dominates clearly other populations in milk secretions, it can be found in the same quarter tissues. In case of identification of pathogenic bacteria in milk samples, the same pathogen were detected in tissues from the same quarters but in very different proportions: higher for Streptococcus uberis, lower for Staphylococcus spp or Enterococcus faecium. In tissues, Flavobacterium and Atopostipes genera were statistically more abundant than in milk. Data show also that species evenness and beta diversity are greater in mammary glands than in milk secretions. In opposition, species richness is higher in milk samples. These results show a potential resident microflora in mammary glands of culled cows in abattoirs. Metagenetic analysis of milk samples could be a good indicator of the udder microbiota and health in the future but our first results must be completed and confirmed on a larger number of samples. Hypothesis about nature of such a resident flora will have to be confirmed on producing cows before studying bacterial-host interactions. Rainard, P. 2017. Mammary microbiota of dairy ruminants: fact or fiction? Vet.Res., , 48 (25), 1-10. Spuria, L. et al. 2017. Microbial agents in macroscopically healthy mammary gland tissues of small ruminants. PeerJ, 5.MAMETA - Influence du microbiote sur la santé mammaire des vaches laitières en Walloni

Potential resident bacterial microbiota in udder tissues of culled cows sampled in abattoir

peer reviewedWhile mammary gland tissues (MGTs) are difficult to sample without risks for cow’s health or milk production, milk analysis are used in routine to assess dairy cow udder’s health. This study aimed to identify, quantify, compare the milk and MGTs microbiota of macroscopically healthy dairy bovine mammary glands (MG) in order to evaluate their degree of similarity. We harvested 13 couples of milk and MGTs samples, originated from the same quarter at culling. 16S rDNA Amplicon Sequencing was performed, showing Corynebacterium as the main bacterial genus in both types of samples but generally found in the milk in higher proportions than in tissues. Species evenness was higher in MGTs while species richness was higher in milk samples. Beta diversity was significantly different between both matrices suggesting the presence of a resident microbiota in MGTs of dairy cows at time of culling partially reflected by the milk microbiota from the same quarter

Study of a new strain of Fusobacterium which could inhibit L. monocytogenes in Herve cheese

editorial reviewedA new putative species of Fusobacterium was found as a major component of the rind of a farmhouse Herve cheese and sequenced in silico. Herve cheese is a soft, washed-rind cheese made from raw cow’s milk and the only PDO cheese in Belgium. A challenge-test study has also shown that Listeria monocytohenes cannot multiply on this type of cheese. The objective of this study is to validate the presence of this new species of Fusobacterium in different cheeses from the same operator, to study the sources of contamination and the metabolic pathways used to potentially inhibit L. monocytogenes growth. Different cheeses were tested, after different maturation times. For each cheese/time pairing, a sample of rind and core was taken separately. The samples were studied by PCR with primers specific to the genus Fusobacterium, and to the new species studied. The new putative species was found to be a contaminant of all the washed ripened cheeses with much higher proportions in the rind samples and not from unripened cheeses refuting probably the hypothesis that the bacterium has raw milk as a reservoir. Isolation tests will be conducted to isolate and characterize this bacterium from cheese and it will be searched in the environment of the cheese dairy

Comparaison entre différents écouvillons pour l'analyse de la flore microbienne trouvée sur des surfaces en cuisines de collectivité par la microbiologie classique et la métagénétique

Introduction The work in community kitchens involves several manual steps bearing the risk of transmitting pathogenic microorganisms. This fact justifies accurate control of surfaces to prevent foodborne illnesses. Different sampling methods have been proposed to isolate bacteria from surfaces, while the ensuing analysis of the surfaces is usually performed by classical microbiology and molecular biology methods [1,2,3]. Studies found in the literature do compare different swabbing devices for surfaces but not in terms of 16S rRNA gene profiling [4]. This study aimed at comparing the efficiency of recovery of different swabbing devices in terms of culture methods and culture-independent 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, the latter in order to characterise the present microbial flora. Material and Methods To mimic surfaces which can be found in community kitchens, sterile polypropylene cutting boards and stainless steel surfaces were spiked with 1mL of 2-fold dilution of chicken and with 1mL of several concentrations of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Enteriditis and Bacillus cereus, respectively. Collection of the bacteria was performed with sterile moistened swabs, including commercial swabs (sponges HS10NB2G, Sponge-Sticks SSL100; 3M) and cotton and gauze pads. Enumeration was carried out by aerobic plate count on Plate Count Agar (Bio-Rad), Rapid’E.coli 2 (Bio-Rad), Rapid’Salmonella (Bio-Rad) and MYP (Oxoid) which were incubated for 24h at 37°C. The V1-V3 16S rRNA amplicon libraries obtained from total bacterial DNA extraction were sequenced on a Illumina MiSeq sequencer and the resulting sequences were analysed with mothur software. Statistical analyses were performed by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons by using Prism 7. Discussion The perfect swab for kitchen analyses should recover the highest number of viable bacteria with a high population diversity from the surfaces. Classical culture method showed best recovery numbers for the three inoculated bacteria with Sponge-Sticks (no significant difference between inoculation dosis and recovered number of bacteria, p > 0.1234). The 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing allows to conclude that sponge samples were loaded with DNA from Microbacterium genus (from Neutralizing buffer). Furthermore, a high relative abundance of Bacillus genus was found in cotton pad, gauze pad and Sponge-Stick samples. Salmonella genus was detected in only low proportions, whereas Escherichia genus are problematic as their DNA can be contaminants of reagents used during library creation. However, differences in recovery or enumeration with each method must be considered, as they can induce estimation bias on the initial concentration or recovered CFU/mL. Finally, low amount of DNA in controls leads to the emergence of free DNA contaminants like Elizabethkingia population, which can be considered as a bias. References 1. Ismaïl R. et al. (2013). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 10, 6169-6183. 2. Biranjia-Hurdoyal, S., & Latouche, M. C. (2016). Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol., 2016. 3. Malorny B. et al. (2008). Appl Environ Microbiol, 74(5), 1299-1304. 4. Lahou, E., & Uyttendaele, M. (2014). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 11(1), 804-814

Gut Microbiota Associated with Clostridioides difficile Carriage in Three Clinical Groups (Inflammatory Bowel Disease, C. difficile Infection and Healthcare Workers) in Hospital Field

peer reviewedClostridioides difficile is an anaerobic spore-forming Gram-positive bacterium. C. difficile carriage and 16S rDNA profiling were studied in three clinical groups at three different sampling times: inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, C. difficile infection (CDI) patients and healthcare workers (HCWs). Diversity analysis was realized in the three clinical groups, the positive and negative C. difficile carriage groups and the three analysis periods. Concerning the three clinical groups, β-diversity tests showed significant differences between them, especially between the HCW group and IBD group and between IBD patients and CDI patients. The Simpson index (evenness) showed a significant difference between two clinical groups (HCWs and IBD). Several genera were significantly different in the IBD patient group (Sutterella, Agathobacter) and in the CDI patient group (Enterococcus, Clostridioides). Concerning the positive and negative C. difficile carriage groups, β-diversity tests showed significant differences. Shannon, Simpson and InvSimpson indexes showed significant differences between the two groups. Several genera had significantly different relative prevalences in the negative group (Agathobacter, Sutterella, Anaerostipes, Oscillospira) and the positive group (Enterococcus, Enterobacteriaceae_ge and Enterobacterales_ge). A microbiota footprint was detected in C. difficile-positive carriers. More experiments are needed to test this microbiota footprint to see its impact on C. difficile infection