40 research outputs found

    The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

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    INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

    James Mellaart, Ann Murray Beycesultan. Vol. III. Part II. Late Bronze Age and Phrygian Pottery and Middle and late Bronze Age small objects (Occasional Publications of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, No. 12)

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    Crespin Anne-Sophie. James Mellaart, Ann Murray Beycesultan. Vol. III. Part II. Late Bronze Age and Phrygian Pottery and Middle and late Bronze Age small objects (Occasional Publications of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, No. 12). In: Syria. Tome 75, 1998. pp. 332-333

    G.D. Summers (éd.) (coll. Dominique Collon, Peter Kuniholm, Shana Tarter and Carol Griggs) Tille Höyük 4. The late Bronze Age and the Iron Age transition (Monograph No. 15)

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    Crespin Anne-Sophie. G.D. Summers (éd.) (coll. Dominique Collon, Peter Kuniholm, Shana Tarter and Carol Griggs) Tille Höyük 4. The late Bronze Age and the Iron Age transition (Monograph No. 15). In: Syria. Tome 75, 1998. p. 305

    James Mellaart, Ann Murray Beycesultan. Vol. III. Part II. Late Bronze Age and Phrygian Pottery and Middle and late Bronze Age small objects (Occasional Publications of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, No. 12)

    No full text
    Crespin Anne-Sophie. James Mellaart, Ann Murray Beycesultan. Vol. III. Part II. Late Bronze Age and Phrygian Pottery and Middle and late Bronze Age small objects (Occasional Publications of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara, No. 12). In: Syria. Tome 75, 1998. pp. 332-333

    G.D. Summers (éd.) (coll. Dominique Collon, Peter Kuniholm, Shana Tarter and Carol Griggs) Tille Höyük 4. The late Bronze Age and the Iron Age transition (Monograph No. 15)

    No full text
    Crespin Anne-Sophie. G.D. Summers (éd.) (coll. Dominique Collon, Peter Kuniholm, Shana Tarter and Carol Griggs) Tille Höyük 4. The late Bronze Age and the Iron Age transition (Monograph No. 15). In: Syria. Tome 75, 1998. p. 305

    A. Çilingiroglu and D.H. French (eds.) Anatolian Iron Ages 3. Proceedings of the third anatolian Iron ages colloquium. An international colloquium at Van, 6-12 August 1990 (Monograph No. 16)

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    Crespin Anne-Sophie. A. Çilingiroglu and D.H. French (eds.) Anatolian Iron Ages 3. Proceedings of the third anatolian Iron ages colloquium. An international colloquium at Van, 6-12 August 1990 (Monograph No. 16). In: Syria. Tome 75, 1998. pp. 313-316

    A. Çilingiroglu and D.H. French (eds.) Anatolian Iron Ages 3. Proceedings of the third anatolian Iron ages colloquium. An international colloquium at Van, 6-12 August 1990 (Monograph No. 16)

    No full text
    Crespin Anne-Sophie. A. Çilingiroglu and D.H. French (eds.) Anatolian Iron Ages 3. Proceedings of the third anatolian Iron ages colloquium. An international colloquium at Van, 6-12 August 1990 (Monograph No. 16). In: Syria. Tome 75, 1998. pp. 313-316

    Implications de Cx43 dans les tumeurs gliales humaines (approches in situ et in vitro)

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    La communication intercellulaire par les jonctions gap (CIJG) a été proposée comme l un des éléments impliqués dans la cancérogenèse très rapidement après sa mise en évidence, dans les années 1960. Ainsi l induction de l expression de connexines, motif structural de base de la CIJG, a été décrite comme étant capable de normaliser le phénotype de cellules cancéreuses. Notre étude de la connexine 43 (Cx43), par tissue micro array, dans des tumeurs gliales humaines (59 échantillons) a montré une délocalisation et une perte de l expression de la protéine. La situation s avère complexe par l hétérogénéité intratumorale; en effet, certaines cellules du tissu tumoral montrent un signal avec une localisation aberrante dans le cytoplasme ou dans le noyau. Certains travaux ayant suggéré que Cx43 pourrait normaliser le phénotype tumoral par une action indépendante de la CIJG, Cx43 ou des formes tronquées de la protéine ont été exprimées par des vecteurs rétroviraux dans des lignées de tumeurs gliales humaines. Les résultats obtenus ont suggéré que l expression de la protéine ne permettait pas de réduire le potentiel prolifératif des cellules tumorales lorsque celles-ci sont maintenues en monocouche. En revanche, la capacité des cellules à proliférer sans ancrage est réduite par l expression de Cx43 mais aussi par des formes tronquées de la protéine ne permettant pas la CIJG. De plus, les cellules exprimant Cx43, entière ou tronquée, apparaissent douées d une plus grande motilité. En conclusion, Cx43 semble jouer un rôle complexe dans la progression des tumeurs gliales humaines, celle-ci apparaissant avec des localisations aberrantes dont l effet demeure inconnu. L expression de la Cx43 ne constituerait pas nécessairement un facteur de bon pronostic, car si les cellules montrent une diminution de leur prolifération dans un environnement défavorable, elles semblent, en revanche, plus aptes à migrer, ce qui permettrait l invasion du tissu environnant.The possible involvement of Gap-Junctional Intercellular Communication (GJIC) in carcinogenesis has been hypothesized in the 1960s. Later, the expression of connexins, the molecular basis of GJIC, has been shown to normalize the phenotype of various tumor cells. Our study, using the tissue micro array approach, was focused on connexin 43 (Cx43) expression in human gliomas (59 tumor samples). We showed that the expression of Cx43 protein was altered and, in several cases, especially in grade-IV gliomas, Cx43 was lost. Nonetheless, due to tumor heterogeneity, a complex pattern of expression was revealed: Cx43 exhibited aberrant staining, that means a translocation into the cytoplasm possibly in the nucleus. Several works suggested that Cx43 could normalize tumor cells by a GJIC-independent mechanism. We investigated the role played by Cx43 and different truncated forms of the protein, unable to restore GJIC, in human glioma cell lines. Our data showed that Cx43 expression did not induce any change on cell proliferation when cell lines were maintained in monolayer cultures. On the contrary, the cells trandusced by Cx43 constructs (full-length or truncated) grew less in soft agar assay. In parallel, it appeared that all the Cx43 constructs increased motility. To conclude, Cx43 seems to play a complex role in human glioma progression. Its expression and localization are altered, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Even if Cx43 seems to be altered in gliomas, a maintained expression of the protein could not be correlated with a good prognosis since their motility is increased by Cx43 expression.POITIERS-BU Sciences (861942102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Le plateau anatolien de la fin de l'empire hittite aux invasions cimmeriennes, XIIe-VIIe siècle avant J.-C.

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    Pour aborder les problèmes de la transition entre l'âge du Bronze et celui du Fer et de l'apparition ensuite de nouvelles entités politiques sur le plateau anatolien, nous avons fait en premier lieu une présentation de la géographie de la région. Le second chapitre traite de l'historique des recherches sur le sujet avant et après la seconde guerre mondiale. Un sous chapitre est consacré à la présentation des dernières données. Les sources écrites classiques, égyptiennes, assyriennes, bibliques, cunéiformes et hiéroglyphiques et phrygiennes ont fourni des renseignements provenant de secteurs géographiques et de périodes différents. L'architecture de l'habitat et la stratigraphie ont été étudiée pour les périodes des XIIe-IXe siècles et IXe-VIIIe siècles. La première partie, encore en cours d'étude, n'a produit que des données partielles. Un point a été réalisé sur les dernières avancées en matière de datation dendrochronologique. L'architecture et les pratiques funéraires ont surtout été examinées du point de vue phrygien au travers des sites de Gordion et Ankara. La sculpture a été brièvement évoquée au travers des façades monumentales, des reliefs rupestres, des stèles, des orthostates et sculptures en ronde bosse. Le chapitre le plus important concerne la céramique, il a été divisé en deux avant et après le IXe siècle. Nous avons tenté d'établir une typologie de l'ensemble des productions connues et d'établir de grands ensembles. Plusieurs régions de Gordion, d'Alisar, de Bogazköy, de Konya et du sud-est du plateau se sont dessinées pour la période des IXe et VIIIe siècles. Un chapitre a été consacré à dresser un inventaire des petits objets : pesons et fusaïoles, glyptique, petite statuaire, en métal (bronze et fer), en os, en bois, en pierre, en verre et tissus.Il a été très difficile de tirer des conclusions de cet inventaire. Le dernier chapitre présente notre interprétation des données examinées dans les chapitres précédents.LYON2/BRON-BU (690292101) / SudocSudocFranceF
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