Ohm's Law for Plasma in General Relativity and Cowling's Theorem

The general-relativistic Ohm's law for a two-component plasma which includes the gravitomagnetic force terms even in the case of quasi-neutrality has been derived. The equations that describe the electromagnetic processes in a plasma surrounding a neutron star are obtained by using the general relativistic form of Maxwell equations in a geometry of slow rotating gravitational object. In addition to the general-relativistic effect first discussed by Khanna \& Camenzind (1996) we predict a mechanism of the generation of azimuthal current under the general relativistic effect of dragging of inertial frames on radial current in a plasma around neutron star. The azimuthal current being proportional to the angular velocity $\omega$ of the dragging of inertial frames can give valuable contribution on the evolution of the stellar magnetic field if $\omega$ exceeds $2.7\times 10^{17} (n/\sigma) \textrm{s}^{-1}$ ($n$ is the number density of the charged particles, $\sigma$ is the conductivity of plasma). Thus in general relativity a rotating neutron star, embedded in plasma, can in principle generate axial-symmetric magnetic fields even in axisymmetry. However, classical Cowling's antidynamo theorem, according to which a stationary axial-symmetric magnetic field can not be sustained against ohmic diffusion, has to be hold in the general-relativistic case for the typical plasma being responsible for the rotating neutron star.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astrophysics & Space Scienc

Global epidemiology of avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in humans, 1997–2015: a systematic review of individual case data

Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses have caused many, typically severe, human infections since the first human case was reported in 1997. However, no comprehensive epidemiological analysis of global human cases of H5N1 from 1997 to 2015 exists. Moreover, few studies have examined in detail the changing epidemiology of human H5N1 cases in Egypt, especially given the outbreaks since November, 2014, which have the highest number of cases ever reported worldwide in a similar period. Data on individual patients were collated from different sources using a systematic approach to describe the global epidemiology of 907 human H5N1 cases between May, 1997, and April, 2015. The number of affected countries rose between 2003 and 2008, with expansion from east and southeast Asia, then to west Asia and Africa. Most cases (67·2%) occurred from December to March, and the overall case-fatality risk was 483 (53·5%) of 903 cases which varied across geographical regions. Although the incidence in Egypt has increased dramatically since November, 2014, compared with the cases beforehand, there were no significant differences in the fatality risk, history of exposure to poultry, history of patient contact, and time from onset to hospital admission in the recent cases

Author Correction: A chickpea genetic variation map based on the sequencing of 3,366 genomes

In Extended Data Fig. 1 of this Article, the labels ‘Market class’ and ‘Biological status’ were inadvertently swapped. In the corresponding figure legend, “Track 1: Biological status; Track 2: Market class;” should have been “Track 1: Market class; Track 2: Biological status;”. The original Article has been corrected online

Interspecific reproductive barriers and genomic similarity among the rough-seeded Lupinus species

The nature of reproductive barriers and meiotic behaviour of chromosomes were studied in interspecific hybrids among the six rough-seeded Lupinus species. Out of 30 different interspecific crosses attempted in all possible combinations, eight produced viable F, seeds. These successful crosses involved L. cosentinii, L. digitatus, L. atlanticus and L. pilosus. Crosses of L. princei with other species resulted in shrivelled F, seed in all combinations. In contrast to previous reports, crosses of L. palaestinus with all other rough-seeded lupins were incompatible as no F1 hybrids were obtained. Barriers to interspecific reproduction were identified as nucleo-cytoplasmic and embryo-endosperm incompatibility in unsuccessful crosses, and chromosomal imbalances in F1 hybrids. Gene transfer is possible among L. cosentinii, L. digitatus and L. atlanticus, which produced F2 seed. Patterns of chromosome configurations in F1 meiotic cells suggested that these species have at least two genomes partially in common, but include inversions and translocations. The genome of L. atlanticus is closer to L. digitatus than to L. cosentinii, and that of L. pilosus is closer to L. atlanticus than to L. cosentinii. L. princei appears to have an isolated genome within the rough-seeded Lupinus species

Assortativity and the probability of epidemic extinction: A case study of pandemic influenza a (H1N1-2009)

10.1155/2011/194507Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases2011

Meteorological drivers of respiratory syncytial virus infections in Singapore

10.1038/s41598-020-76888-4Scientific Reports1012046