Equations-of-motion method: Potential energy curves for N2, CO, and C2H4

We have applied the equations-of-motion method to various states of N2, CO, and ethylene at nuclear configurations slightly distorted from the ground equilibrium geometry. This approach attempts to calculate energy differences instead of absolute energies and is thus relatively insensitive to the accuracy of the assumed ground state wavefunction. By using the experimental behavior of the ground state on distortion, we can generate accurate potential energy curves for the excited states in the region of spectroscopic interest. These curves confirm the spectroscopic behavior of the 1∑+ states of N2 and the 1∑+ states of CO where valence and Rydberg states of the same symmetry interact. The results for the T and V states of ethylene agree with experiment and show that the V state is predominantly a highly correlated valence state. Oscillator strengths across an absorption band are also accurately determined in this method. We report the dependence of the transition moment on bond length for the X1∑+→A1II transition in CO, which is in excellent agreement with experiment

Gear modifications reduced humpback whale entanglements in a commercial rock lobster fishery

Entanglement of whales in fishing gear occurs globally and where populations are recovering from past exploitation, entanglement frequency is likely to increase. The Western Australian population of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) is growing rapidly, yet from 1990 to 2010 the number of whales reported entangled in gear from the pot-based western rock lobster fishery was relatively stable at around one per year. However, from 2010, reported entanglements increased, reaching a maximum of 17 in 2013. This increase occurred immediately after a shift to a year-round quota-based fishery that eliminated the annual 4½-month closure that coincided with the whale migration. Gear modifications that eliminated surface rope, shortened rope lengths, and reduced float numbers were implemented in June 2014 to reduce whale entanglements. The effectiveness of these modifications was evaluated using a Bayesian model that incorporated changes in humpback whale population size, entanglement reporting probability, fishing effort, and whale migration timing. Our analyses indicate that gear modifications reduced entanglement in fishing gear from the rock lobster fishery by at least 25% (with 95% probability), with a median reduction of 64%. The model also showed that the greatest entanglement risk occurs on the northward migration and in water depths of 55–73 m