Angioarchitectonics and Distribution of Common Carotid Artery Terminals in Domestic Rabbit

The purpose of these investigations was to describe the distribution particularities of the common carotid artery in domestic rabbit in correlation with the data in the field. Researches were performed on 6 domestic rabbits, 4 males and 2 female, aged 1-3 years. The common carotid artery was injected with gelatine suspension coloured with Chinese India ink, followed by its dissection. The occipital and internal carotid arteries are detached together in four cases, or separately in the rest of them, from the dorso-medial part of the common carotid artery. Facial and lingual arteries are detached separately, not together, both of which having a large diameter. The superficial temporal trunk which is very developed and long has a sinuous traject between parotid gland acini where it forms two loops. Nearby its origin, the transverse artery of the face has a curved path due to propulsion and retropulsion movements of the temporo-mandibular joint

The correlation of the morphological peculiarities of the hindlimb in mammals, concerning the autopodium, depending on the type of ground support

In digitigrade and plantigrade species, the head of the talus distinctly appears which together with the glenoid cavity provided by the central bone also favor lateral movements, offering better adaptability. The essential differences are observed at the level of the metatarsal head, where carnivores and plantigrade animals have a dorsal hemispherical joint surface, completed by a real crest in the plantar side, delimiting two condyles separated by an intermediate crest. This is essential for the digitigrade and plantigrade type because when the limb takes contact with the ground, the joints hyperextension also occurs and a finger abduction movement, widening the support area

Comparative haematological investigations in two bird species from the order Psittaciformes: Psittacula krameri and Melopsittacus undulatus

The knowledge of the hematological parameters itʼs one of the most important indicators of the health evaluation. The aim of these studies was to investigate the main hematological values, including the morphology and the morphometry of the blood cells, in a comparative way of two bird species belonging to the order Psittaciformes: Psittacula krameri and Melopsittacus undulatus. Five adult birds from each species were analyzed, the blood samples being taken from the jugular vein on EDTA containers. In Psittacula krameri the values obtained were: RBC = 2.98x106/μl (±0.16); Hb = 14.46 g/dl (±0.76); HCT = 43.4% (±3.21); MCV = 145.62 fl (±2.95); MCH = 48.58 pg (±1.23); MCHC = 33.36 g/dl (±1.33); thrombocytes = 116x103/μl (±25,84); leucocytes: WBC = 14.46x103/μl (±1.21), heterophils = 52.74% (±4.04), eosinophils = 0.48% (±0.44), basophils = 1.28% (±1.7), monocytes = 6.18% (±1.47) and lymphocytes = 39.32% (±3.79). In Melopsittacus undulatus the following values were obtained: RBC = 4.04x106/μl (±0.15); Hb = 15.26 g/dl (±0.86); HCT = 54.2% (±5.12); MCV = 134.08 fl (±7.98); MCH = 37.81 pg (±1.14); MCHC = 28.26 g/dl (±1.39); thrombocytes = 86.2x103/μl (±6.98); leucocytes: WBC = 21.42x103/μl (±1.85), heterophils = 39.4% (±3.93), eosinophils = 0.28% (±0.33), basophils = 4.22% (±1.36), monocytes = 8.82% (±1.32l) and lymphocytes = 47.28% (±3.89). H/L ratio was higher in parrots. Average morphometric values of the blood cells in showed significant differences for monocytes which are larger in Psittacula krameri (p≤0.001), less differences for the heterophils, lymphocytes and platelets which are also larger in Psittacula krameri (p≤0.01) and very reduced differences for erythrocytes (except the nucleus width), eosinophils and basophils (p≤0.01). The researches concluded that there are differences regarding the most of the parameters, even if they are related species, including the morphometric values

The morphological peculiarities of the digestive system in peacock (Pavo cristatus)

The peacockʼs beak has the characteristic aspect as in all granivores, being relatively short, thick at the base and sharpened at the tip, consisting in a curved upper valve which covers the lower valve tip. The ceiling of the oropharyngeal cavity is narrow and covered by two palatine lateral ridges which fuse into a brief median ridge. The palatine fissure appears such as a cleft, aborally placed to the beak's commissure and slightly wider in its posterior half. The tongue is triangular-like and sharpened ended, it follows the shape of the inferior valve but being small in length, it partly fills the floor. The peacockʼ esophagus is about 25 cm long, the last third of the cervical part represents in fact the crop, globular in shape. Proventriculus appears elongated, fusiform and approximately 3,5-4 cm long. The ventriculus is 6,5 cm long, 5 cm wide and 3-3,2 cm thick. The two ceca are about 20 cm long lying on each side of ileum. The proximal portion is 8 about cm long showing a thicker wall, then follows the tonsillar portion with thinner wall, it appears as a blind sac with a rounded apex. The hepatic lobes are almost equal in size. The left lobe is divided into medial and lateral portion. The pancreas consists of three lobes: ventral, dorsal and splenic

Anatomical peculiarities of the broad-snouted caiman’s limb bones (Caiman latirostris)

The aim of the study was the highlight of the specific characters of the limb bones in broad-snouted caiman, and for that, the investigations were conducted on the bones which were collected from a dead broad-snouted caiman that belonged to Bârlad Zoo. It was a male caiman, 24 years old. For the analysis, the bones were prepared by boiling and cleaning. It was noticed the particular conformation of the girdles, in case of the thoracic one, the scapula and the coracoid bone being almost similar developed, and both of them form the glenoid cavity to joint with humerus. It exist also an elongated interclavicular bone. The humerus is curved, ulna is more massive than the radius, between them existing a large radio-ulnar arcade, these aspects being similar to birds. There are 5 carpal bones, 3 in the proximal row, and 2 in the distal one, the radial carpal bone being merged with the intermediate one, resulting the most developed carpal bone. The thoracic metapodium includes 5 metacarpal bones, the 5th one being more reduced. The ilium is dorsally placed to ischium, the two bones participating to form the acetabular cavity (foramen). The pubis, more reduced, is cranially placed to ischium with which it articulates. The femur is very curved, and caudo-medially is highlighted the 4th trochanter. The fibula is well developed, but the tibia is more massive, and between them is a large interosseous space. The pelvic basipodium includes the calcaneum and astragalus, well developed, in the proximal row and two bones in the distal row. The 5th metatarsal bone is rudimentary, the others being well developed. The acropodium includes 5 digits for the thoracic limb and 4 in the pelvic one, the number of the phalanges having one more than the number of the digit, except the 5th digit of the thoracic limb. The conformation of the limb caiman bones is generally similar to other crocodiles

Anatomical peculiarities of the broad-snouted caiman’s skull and vertebral column bones (Caiman latirostris)

It was noticed that the caiman skull is diaspid, presenting two temporal fossae, one superior (dorsal) and one inferior (lateral). The cranial cavity is reduced compared to the development of the skull, with the orbits and nostrils having a lateral orientation. The occipital has a single articular condyle for the atlas. In front of the first vertebra, atlas, there is an undeveloped proatlas vertebra. The cervical vertebrae have developed transverse processes. There is also a ventral creast on the body of the cervical vertebrae. The thoracic vertebrae have detached transverse processes, which grow towards the end of the region, serving alone for the articulation with the ribs. The sacral region is short, and consist in two vertebrae which articulate with the ilium. The caudal vertebrae bear relatively long neural and haemal spines, forming a ventral arch for the blood vessels

Study on anthelmintic efficacy of products based on ivermectin, fenbendazole and pyrantel in controlling digestive parasitosis in equines from N-E area of România, using FECRT test

Digestive helmints represent an important cause of the equine pathology, among these ones the most representative are the nematodes, from the Strongylidae family, Parascaris equorum and the cestodes such as Anoplocephala perfoliata. The measures to control these parasitosis are mainly based on regular deworming programs using different antiparasitic compounds. There are numerous studies, both nationally and internationally certifying a wider or narrower spread of resistance to some of the substances used for this purpose, especially in some species strongyls and other digestive helminths. The efficacy of treatment with products used in this study was tested on a herd of 56 horses copies of the territory Iași, Suceava, Bacău and Neamț, and the test used was the FECRT. The results showed a high efficiency of all three antiparasitic substances. In the case of ivermectin, FECRT average values were between 98.33% and 100%, for fenbendazole average was 97.11% and 98.21% for pyrantel. Thus, it found a high degree of safety regarding installation chemoresistant, at least for a certain period

The Impact of the Addition of Vitamins on a Silicone Lining Material to the Oral Mucosa Tissue—Evaluation of the Biocompatibility, Hydrolytic Stability and Histopathological Effect

Background and Objectives: One’s quality of life depends on overall health, and in particular, oral health, which has been and continues to become a public health issue through frequent manifestations in various forms, from simple oral stomatitis (inflammations of the oral cavity) to the complicated oral health pathologies requiring medical interventions and treatments (caries, pulp necrosis and periodontitis). The aim of this study focused on the preparation and evaluation of vitamins (vitamin A, B1 and B6) incorporated into several silicone-based lining materials as a new alternative to therapeutically loaded materials designed as oral cavity lining materials in prosthodontics. Materials and Methods: Silicone-based liners containing vitamins were prepared by mixing them in solution and becoming crosslinked, and then they were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to confirm the incorporation of the vitamins into the silicone network; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to evidence the morphology of the liner materials; dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) to evaluate their internal hydrophobicity, swelling in environments similar to biological fluids and mechanical test to demonstrate tensile strength; MTT to confirm their biocompatibility on normal cell cultures (fibroblast) and mucoadhesivity; and histopathological tests on porcine oral mucosa to highlight their potential utility as soft lining materials with improved efficiency. Results: FT-IR analysis confirmed the structural peculiarities of the prepared lining materials and the successful incorporation of vitamins into the silicone matrix. The surface roughness of the materials was lower than 0.2 μm, while in cross-section, the lining materials showed a compact morphology. It was found that the presence of vitamins induced a decrease in the main mechanical parameters (strength and elongation at break, Young’s modulus) and hydrophobicity, which varied from one vitamin to another. A swelling degree higher than 8% was found in PBS 6.8 (artificial saliva) and water. Hydrolytic stability studies in an artificial saliva medium showed the release of low concentrations of silicone and vitamin fragments in the first 24 h, which increased the swelling behavior of the materials, diffusion and solubility of the vitamins. The microscopic images of fibroblast cells incubated with vitamin liners revealed very good biocompatibility. Also, the silicone liners incorporating the vitamins showed good mucoadhesive properties. The appearance of some pathological disorders with autolysis processes was more pronounced in the case of vitamin A liners. Conclusions: The addition of the vitamins was shown to have a beneficial effect that was mainly manifested as increased biocompatibility, hydrolytic stability and mucoadhesiveness with the mucosa of the oral cavity and less of an effect on the mechanical strength. The obtained lining materials showed good resistance in simulated biological media but caused a pronounced autolysis phenomenon, as revealed by histopathological examination, showing that these materials may have broad implications in the treatment of oral diseases