A Janus role for MerTK in the outcome of septic shock

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Early alterations of B cells in patients with septic shock: another piece in the complex puzzle of the immune response in sepsis

Impairment of the inflammatory-immune response is currently accepted as a hallmark of severe sepsis even in the early stages of the disease. In this context, the alterations of the circulating B-lymphocytes have never been described in detail. The study by Monserrat and colleagues in the previous issue of Critical Care indicated that, in patients with septic shock, the B-cell compartment is early and deeply altered with different patterns in subset distribution and activation between survivors and non-survivors

Geriatric-HIV medicine: A science in its infancy

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Injury-induced immunosuppression: we are finally on the right track?

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Anti-HIV drugs and the mitochondria

AbstractSeveral drugs are currently used that can significantly prolong the course of the infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Among these drugs, the nucleosidic inhibitors of viral reverse transcriptase can alter mitochondrial (mt) function by inhibiting the mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (the enzyme responsible for the replication of mtDNA). Decreased mtDNA content provokes a diminished synthesis of respiratory chain enzymes, leading to alterations in mt function. These are in turn responsible for a variety of side effects frequently observed in HIV+ patients, that range from hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis to lipodystrophy, a pathology characterized by accumulation of visceral fat, breast adiposity, cervical fat-pads, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and fat wasting in face and limbs. In this paper, data concerning the effects of different compounds on mitochondria, their role in the pathogenesis of lipodystrophy, and problems related to studies on the mt toxicity of antiviral drugs are reviewed and thoroughly discussed

Uncompensated polychromatic analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential using JC-1 and multilaser excitation

The lipophilic cation JC-1 (5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-etraethylbenzimidazolyl carbocyanine iodide) has been used for more than 20 years as a specific dye for measuring mitochondrial membrane potential (δψm). In this unit, we revise our original protocol (that made use of a single 488 nm laser for the detection of monomers and aggregates, and where compensation was an important step) to use dual-laser excitation. Moreover, thanks to recently developed multilaser instruments and novel probes for surface and intracellular markers, JC-1 can be utilized by polychromatic flow cytometry to simultaneously detect, without any compensation between fluorescences, δψm along with other biological parameters, such as apoptosis and the production of reactive oxygen species

COVID-19 pandemic: usefulness of telemedicine in management of arrhythmias in elderly people

In March 2020, the WHO defined the diffusion of novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus- 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as pandemic.[13] As a consequence, the Italian Government among others has enforced quarantine on the population to contain the diffusion of the infection

The role of latency reversal agents in the cure of HIV: A review of current data

The definitive cure for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection is represented by the eradication of the virus from the patient's body. To reach this result, cells that are infected but do not produce the virus must become recognizable to be killed by the immune system. For this purpose, drugs defined "latency reverting agents" (LRA) that reactivate viral production are under investigation. A few clinical studies have been performed in HIV-infected patients treated with LRA and combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). The strategy is thus to combine cART and LRA to reactivate the virus and unmask latently infected cells that, because of cART, cannot produce a fully competent form of the virus. Unmasked cells can present viral antigens to the immune system, that ultimately recognizes and kills such latently infected cells. This review reports and discusses recent studies that have been published on this topic