KETIDAKSADARAN PENGARANG MELALUI PERILAKU ABNORMAL TOKOH DALAM NOVEL PASUNG JIWA KARYA OKKY MADASARI (Studi Psikoanalisis Sigmund Freud)

Pasung Jiwa is a novel written by Okky Madasari gives different perspective about abnormal behavior. Based on the description above, the problems in the research are 1) why did Okky Madasari have to make such characters with abnormal behavior in Pasung Jiwa? 2) how was the unconsciousness of Okky Madasari in case of making such characters with abnormal behavior? The aims of the research are 1) to know the reason behind Okky Madasari making abnormal behavior characters, 2) to know the untold desires of Okky Madasari through abnormal behavior of the characters. The research used Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis teory. The research also used a qualitative method. Psychocriticism analysis is used as the technique of analysis data. Based on the analysis which have been done, we can conclude that 1) in case of the abnormal behavior of the characters, Okky Madasari consider that abnormal behavior isn’t a mental disorder, but it can happens as implementation of consequence of being locked by norms and prohibition in society culture, 2) the analysis about the unconsciousness which consist of condensation, diversion, and symbolism gives three conclusions. First, Pasung Jiwa is a place for Okky Madasari to convey her desire in order to give her advocacy for LGBT community. Okky Madasari has reason for supporting LGBT because of the influence of her acquaintance with gay community. Second, Okky Madasari’s perspective in giving her thoughts on madness is influenced by Michel Foucault. We can find this in the novel which Okky unconsciously made a connection between madness and marginal community which is being illustrated by Sasana. Third, the Pasung Jiwa novel is a mirror of Okky Madasari in giving her thoughts about norms, freedom, and abnormal behavior. Okky Madasari consider that abnormal behavior is kind of consequence of being locked by regulation and domination of majority community side-effect

Characterization and spatial distribution of particulate organic matter in the Arctic Ocean

Water samples from the Arctic Ocean were analyzed in order to assess the present nature of particulate organic matter and investigate the effect of climate-driven changes on the ecology of the region. 661 individual surface water samples and 216 samples from CTD casts were collected from the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort seas during USCGS Healy’s cruise in October 2012 (HLY1203). These samples were analyzed for particulate organic carbon and particulate nitrogen contents to spatially map the distribution of organic matter present in these waters at this time. The concentrations measured reveal differing amounts of organic material in the separate seas and are consistent with contrasting levels of productivity associated with different degrees of water column stratification. Comparison with optical data indicates variation in particle compositions, suggesting a variety of carbon sources. Finally, these measurements have the potential to assess changes in the carbon cycle and the dynamics organic matter in Arctic waters under rapidly changing conditions associated with climate change. Key Words: Arctic Ocean, particulate organic matter, beam attenuation, chlorophyll, primary production, climate chang

Brookes equation: The basis for a qualitative characterization of information behaviours

Brookes equation, which has hitherto been regarded as a kind of non-mathematical shorthand description of information use, is extended so as to show the qualitative pattern of information access. Information inputs are represented by a simple power law, and changes in knowledge structure by possible changes to a simple mental map. The resulting pattern shows seven forms of information input and three forms of change in knowledge structure, giving 21 categories overall. These have the potential for use as an explanatory tool and taxonomy for studying and summarizing information behaviour, and offer the possibility of being developed into more sophisticated and quantitative treatments

Spin measurements for 147Sm+n resonances: Further evidence for non-statistical effects

We have determined the spins J of resonances in the 147Sm(n,gamma) reaction by measuring multiplicities of gamma-ray cascades following neutron capture. Using this technique, we were able to determine J values for all but 14 of the 140 known resonances below En = 1 keV, including 41 firm J assignments for resonances whose spins previously were either unknown or tentative. These new spin assignments, together with previously determined resonance parameters, allowed us to extract separate level spacings and neutron strength functions for J = 3 and 4 resonances. Furthermore, several statistical test of the data indicate that very few resonances of either spin have been missed below En = 700eV. Because a non-statistical effect recently was reported near En = 350 eV from an analysis of 147Sm(n,alpha) data, we divided the data into two regions; 0 < En < 350 eV and 350 < En < 700 eV. Using neutron widths from a previous measurement and published techniques for correcting for missed resonances and for testing whether data are consistent with a Porter-Thomas distribution, we found that the reduced-neutron-width distribution for resonances below 350 eV is consistent with the expected Porter-Thomas distribution. On the other hand, we found that reduced-neutron-width data in the 350 < En < 700 eV region are inconsistent with a Porter-Thomas distribution, but in good agreement with a chi-squared distribution having two or more degrees of freedom. We discuss possible explanations for these observed non-statistical effects and their possible relation to similar effects previously observed in other nuclides.Comment: 40 pages, 13 figures, accepted by Phys. Rev.

Parity Violation in Neutron Resonances in 107,109Ag

Parity nonconservation (PNC) was studied in p-wave resonances in Ag by measuring the helicity dependence of the neutron total cross section. Transmission measurements on natural Ag were performed in the energy range 32 to 422 eV with the time-of-flight method at the Manuel Lujan Neutron Scattering Center at Los Alamos National Laboratory. A total of 15 p-wave neutron resonances were studied in 107Ag and ninep-wave resonances in 109Ag. Statistically significant asymmetries were observed for eight resonances in 107Ag and for four resonances in109Ag. An analysis treating the PNC matrix elements as random variables yields a weak spreading width of Γw=(2.67-1.21+2.65)×10-7 eV for107Ag and Γw=(1.30-0.74+2.49)×10-7 eV for 109Ag

Parity Violation in Neutron Resonances in 107,109Ag

Parity nonconservation (PNC) was studied in p-wave resonances in Ag by measuring the helicity dependence of the neutron total cross section. Transmission measurements on natural Ag were performed in the energy range 32 to 422 eV with the time-of-flight method at the Manuel Lujan Neutron Scattering Center at Los Alamos National Laboratory. A total of 15 p-wave neutron resonances were studied in 107Ag and ninep-wave resonances in 109Ag. Statistically significant asymmetries were observed for eight resonances in 107Ag and for four resonances in109Ag. An analysis treating the PNC matrix elements as random variables yields a weak spreading width of Γw=(2.67-1.21+2.65)×10-7 eV for107Ag and Γw=(1.30-0.74+2.49)×10-7 eV for 109Ag

Parity Violation in Neutron Resonances in 115In

Parity nonconservation (PNC) was studied in p-wave resonances in indium by measuring the helicity dependence of the neutron total cross section in the neutron energy range 6.0–316 eV with the time-of-flight method at LANSCE. A total of 36 p-wave neutron resonances were studied in 115In, and statistically significant asymmetries were observed for nine cases. An analysis treating the PNC matrix elements as random variables yields a weak matrix element of M=(0.67-0.12+0.16) meV and a weak spreading width of Γw=(1.30-0.43+0.76)×10-7 eV

Moving Forward in Human Cancer Risk Assessment

The goal of human risk assessment is to decide whether a given exposure level to a particular chemical or substance is acceptable to human health, and to provide risk management measures based on an evaluation and prediction of the effects of that exposure on human health. Within this framework, the current safety paradigm for assessing possible carcinogenic properties of drugs, cosmetics, industrial chemicals and environmental exposures relies mainly on in vitro genotoxicity testing followed by 2-year bioassays in mice and rats. This testing paradigm was developed 40 to 50 years ago with the initial premise that ¿mutagens are also carcinogens¿ and that the carcinogenic risk to humans can be extrapolated from the tumor incidence after lifetime exposure to maximally tolerated doses of chemicals in rodents. Genotoxicity testing is used as a surrogate for carcinogenicity testing and is required for initiation of clinical trials (Jacobs and Jacobson-Kram 2004) and for most industrial chemicals safety assessment. Although the carcinogenicity-testing paradigm has effectively protected patients and consumers from introduction of harmful carcinogens as drugs and other products, the testing paradigm is clearly not sustainable in the future. The causal link between genetic damage and carcinogenicity is well documented; however, the limitations of genotoxicity/carcinogenicity testing assays, the presence of additional non-genotoxic mechanisms, issues of species-specific effects, and the lack of mechanistic insights provide an enormous scientific challenge. The 2-year rodent carcinogenicity bioassays are associated with technical complexity, high costs, high animal burden as well as the uncertainty associated with extrapolating from rodents to humans. Additional frustrations exist because of the limited predictability of the 2-year bioassay and, in particular, with regard to the problem of the prediction of false positives. For instance, in the Carcinogenic Potency Project DataBase (CPDB) which includes results from chronic, long-term animal cancer tests with mice, rats, hamsters amounting to a total of 6540 individual experiments with 1547 chemicals, 751 of those chemicals or 51% have positive findings in rodent studies. Similarly, when one considers all chronically used human pharmaceuticals, some 50% induce tumors in rodents. Yet only 20 human pharmaceutical compounds have been identified as carcinogens in epidemiological studies, despite the fact that quite a large number of epidemiological studies have been carried out on these compounds, e.g. NSAID¿s, benzodiazepines, phenobarbital. This high incidence of tumors in bioassays has lead to questions concerning the human relevance of tumors induced in rodents (Knight et al. 2006; Ward 2008). In summary, dependency on the rodent model as a golden standard of cancer risk assessment is neglecting the high number of false positives and clearly has serious limitations. Consequently, there is a growing appeal for a paradigm change after "50 years of rats and mice". For instance, the current demands for volume of carcinogenic testing together with limitations of animal usage as initially stipulated by REACH (Combes et al. 2006) will require revolutionary change in the testing paradigm. For the purpose of developing a road map for this needed paradigm change in carcinogenicity testing, a workshop was held in August 2009 in Venice, Italy entitled ¿Genomics in Cancer Risk Assessment.¿ This workshop brought together toxicologists from academia and industry with governmental regulators and risk assessors from the US and the EU, for discussing the state-of-the-art in developing alternative testing strategies for genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, thereby focusing on the contribution from the ¿omics technologies. What follows is a highlight of the major conclusions and suggestions from this workshop as a path forward.JRC.DG.I.3-In-vitro method

Physical activity intervention for elderly patients with reduced physical performance after acute coronary syndrome (HULK study): Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial

Background: Reduced physical performance and impaired mobility are common in elderly patients after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and they represent independent risk factors for disability, morbidity, hospital readmission and mortality. Regular physical exercise represents a means for improving functional capacity. Nevertheless, its clinical benefit has been less investigated in elderly patients in the early phase after ACS. The HULK trial aims to investigate the clinical benefit of an early, tailored low-cost physical activity intervention in comparison to standard of care in elderly ACS patients with reduced physical performance. Design: HULK is an investigator-initiated, prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial (NCT03021044). After successful management of the ACS acute phase and uneventful first 1 month, elderly (≥70 years) patients showing reduced physical performance are randomized (1:1 ratio) to either standard of care or physical activity intervention. Reduced physical performance is defined as a short physical performance battery (SPPB) score of 4-9. The early, tailored, low-cost physical intervention includes 4 sessions of physical activity with a supervisor and an home-based program of physical exercise. The chosen primary endpoint is the 6-month SPPB value. Secondary endpoints briefly include quality of life, on-treatment platelet reactivity, some laboratory data and clinical adverse events. To demonstrate an increase of at least one SPPB point in the experimental arm, a sample size of 226 patients is needed. Conclusions: The HULK study will test the hypothesis that an early, tailored low-cost physical activity intervention improves physical performance, quality of life, frailty status and outcome in elderly ACS patients with reduced physical performance

The combined use of surgical debulking and diode laser photocoagulation for limbal melanoma treatment: a retrospective study of 21 dogs

Objective To evaluate effectiveness and safety of debulking and diode laser photocoagulation (DPC) for the treatment of limbal melanoma (LM). Procedure Retrospective multi-institutional case series. Medical records of animals diagnosed with LM at the Centro Veterinario Specialistico (CVS) and at the Long Island Veterinary Specialists from 1994 to 2014 were retrieved. Signalment, location, extent of tumors, recurrence rate, and early and late complications were reported. Patient follow-up information was obtained from veterinary ophthalmologists, primary care veterinarians, and where appropriate, owners. Results Twenty-one eyes of 21 dogs (13 females and 8 males) were included in this study. The dogs' average age was 6 years (range: 7 months-11 years). The follow-up period ranged from 1-108 months (median 48 months) after the last DPC procedure. Long-term follow-up was obtained by telephone interviews in 6 of 20 cases and by clinical re-evaluations in 14 of 20 cases. The most common early complications were a moderate anterior uveitis and peripheral corneal edema (21/21 eyes). Late complications included corneal fibrosis and/or pigmentation (20/21). In one case, a severe bullous keratopathy associated with extensive corneal fibrosis was observed (1/21). One case was blind due to concurrent Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration (SARD). However, after surgery 2 of 20 eyes lost vision and one of these was enucleated. Conclusions Debulking, in addition to diode laser photocoagulation, was technically straightforward to perform, minimally invasive, well tolerated, and highly successful in this case series