Address: Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research

Although the relationship between the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and speciesdiversity (SR) have been widely reported, there is considerable disagreement about the fitting patterns of SR-ANPP, which has been variously described as 'positive', 'negative', 'unimodal', 'U-shaped' and so on. Not surprisingly, the effect-factors including precipitation, aridity index and geographic conditions (e.g.,altitude, longitude and latitude) on ANPP and SR continue to interest researchers, especially the effects at high altitude regions. We investigated ANPP and SR from 113 sampled sites (399 plots) across alpine meadow and steppe in the Tibetan Plateau, which included Tibet, Qinghai and Sichuan Abstract 31 Although the relationship between the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and species 32 diversity (SR) have been widely reported, there is considerable disagreement about the fitting 33 patterns of SR-ANPP, which has been variously described as 'positive', 'negative', 'unimodal', 34 'U-shaped' and so on. Not surprisingly, the effect-factors including precipitation, aridity index and 35 geographic conditions (e.g., altitude, longitude and latitude) on ANPP and SR continue to interest 36 researchers, especially the effects at high altitude regions. We investigated ANPP and SR from 113 37 sampled sites (399 plots) across alpine meadow and steppe in the Tibetan Plateau, which included 38 Tibet, Qinghai and Sichuan province. same patterns of diversity and production responding to precipitation and the aridity index were 48 evident in alpine steppe and meadow, and a unimodal pattern was confirmed between ANPP and 49 SR in both locations. 5

Refining the reaction mechanism of O 2 towards its substrate in cofactor-free dioxygenases

Cofactor-less oxygenases perform challenging catalytic reactions between singlet substrates and triplet oxygen, in spite of apparently violating the spin-conservation rule. In bacterial ring-cleaving 2,4-dioxygenase, the active site has been suggested by quantum chemical computations to fine tune triplet oxygen reactivity, allowing it to interact rapidly with its singlet substrate without the need for spin inversion, and in urate oxidase the reaction is thought to proceed through electron transfer from the deprotonated substrate to an aminoacid sidechain, which then feeds the electron to the oxygen molecule. In this work, we perform additional quantum chemical computations on these two systems to elucidate several intriguing features unaddressed by previous workers. These computations establish that in both enzymes the reaction proceeds through direct electron transfer from substrate to O 2 followed by radical recombination, instead of minimumenergy crossing points between singlet and triplet potential energy surfaces without formal electron transfer. The active site does not affect the reactivity of oxygen directly but is crucial for the generation of the deprotonated form of the substrates, which have redox potentials far below those of their protonated forms and therefore may transfer electrons to oxygen without sizeable thermodynamic barriers. This mechanism seems to be shared by most cofactor-less oxidases studied so far. PeerJ Preprints | https://doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.2145v1 | CC BY 4.0 Open Access

A public dataset of running biomechanics and the effects of running speed on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics Reginaldo K Fukuchi

View the peer-reviewed version (peerj.com/articles/3298), which is the preferred citable publication unless you specifically need to cite this preprint

Tram tracks as specific anthropogenic habitats for the growth of plants

Although tramway tracks are found in most cities, their flora is not thoroughly researched

S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 positively controls mitotic arrest deficient 2 in lung cancer cells

Background. Mitotic arrest deficient 2 (Mad2) is a key component of spindle assembly checkpoint and overexpressed in human lung cancers, but the mechanism of the deregulation of Mad2 in lung cancer is largely unknown. We aim to investigate the regulation of Mad2 by S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) in human lung cancer cells

The effects of familiarity on escape responses in the Trinidadian guppy ([i]Poecilia reticulata[i])

Predation is the main driver of mortality during early life stages. The ability to avoid and evade potential threats is, therefore, favoured to evolve during the early stages of life. It is also during these early stages that the process of familiarization occurs. It has long been recognized that associating with familiar individuals confers anti predator benefits. Less, however, is known about how predator evasion is affected by social experience during early stages. In this study we test the hypothesis that familiarization acquired during early life stages improves anti predator escape responses. Using the Trinidadian guppy we examine the effect of different early social conditions in the three main components of predator evasion. Using high-speed motion analysis we compared the responsiveness, reactive distance and magnitude of the response (maximum speed, maximum acceleration and distance) of the response to a visual stimulus in groups composed either of familiar or non-familiar individuals. Surprisingly, groups composed by familiar individuals were less responsive than groups of unfamiliar individuals. It is plausible that familiarity equips individuals with better skills to accurately assess the threat avoiding false alarms. Reactive distance and magnitude of response were more dependent on individual size than on familiarity. Larger individuals reached higher maximum speeds and total distances in their escape response. Our approach allowed us to tease apart which aspects of an escape response are more likely to be influenced by early social conditions. 19 Predation is the main driver of mortality during early life stages. The ability to avoid and evade 20 potential threats is, therefore, favoured to evolve during the early stages of life. It is also during 21 these early stages that the process of familiarization occurs. It has long been recognized that 22 associating with familiar individuals confers antipredator benefits. Less, however, is known 23 about how predator evasion is affected by social experience during early stages. In this 24 study we test the hypothesis that familiarization acquired during early life stages improves 25 antipredator escape responses. Using the Trinidadian guppy we examine the effect of different 26 early social conditions in the three main components of predator evasion. Using high-speed 27 motion analysis we compared the responsiveness, reactive distance and magnitude of the 28 response (maximum speed, maximum acceleration and distance) of the response to a visual 29 stimulus in groups composed either of familiar or non-familiar individuals. Surprisingly, groups 30 composed by familiar individuals were less responsive than groups of unfamiliar individuals. It 31 is plausible that familiarity equips individuals with better skills to accurately assess the threat 32 avoiding false alarms. Reactive distance and magnitude of response were more dependent on 33 individual size than on familiarity. Larger individuals reached higher maximum speeds and total 34 distances in their escape response. Our approach allowed us to tease apart which aspects of an 35 escape response are more likely to be influenced by early social conditions