Dissociating Explicit and Implicit Timing in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients: Evidence from Bisection and Foreperiod Tasks

A consistent body of literature reported that Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is marked by severe deficits in temporal processing. However, the exact nature of timing problems in PD patients is still elusive. In particular, what remains unclear is whether the temporal dysfunction observed in PD patients regards explicit and/or implicit timing. Explicit timing tasks require participants to attend to the duration of the stimulus, whereas in implicit timing tasks no explicit instruction to process time is received but time still affects performance. In the present study, we investigated temporal ability in PD by comparing 20 PD participants and 20 control participants in both explicit and implicit timing tasks. Specifically, we used a time bisection task to investigate explicit timing and a foreperiod task for implicit timing. Moreover, this is the first study investigating sequential effects in PD participants. Results showed preserved temporal ability in PD participants in the implicit timing task only (i.e., normal foreperiod and sequential effects). By contrast, PD participants failed in the explicit timing task as they displayed shorter perceived durations and higher variability compared to controls. Overall, the dissociation reported here supports the idea that timing can be differentiated according to whether it is explicitly or implicitly processed, and that PD participants are selectively impaired in the explicit processing of time

Dissociating controlled from automatic processing in temporal preparation

> Automaticity of temporal orienting and sequential effects was tested by dual-task methodology> Sequential effects were not attenuated by concurrent dual-task demands> Temporal orienting was reduced by competition for executive resources required by a concurrent working memory task> Results dissociated the involvement of automatic and controlled processes in temporal preparation