Evaluation of chromium oxide and titanium dioxide as inert markers for calculating apparent digestibility in sheep

he objective of the present study was to evaluate two markers: chromium oxide (Cr2O3) and titanium dioxide (TiO2). We evaluate the interaction between Cr2O3 and TiO2, and the techniques used to determine it, using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) and photometry simple (PS). We used six growing sheep distributed in a replicated Latin square 3×3 design, with adjustment for the residual error effect. The TiO2 and Cr2O3–TiO2 produced values similar to those obtained by total faecal collection (TFC) or the use of Cr2O3 alone, determined by AAS and PS. Digestibility of the marker/TFC ratio was similar (p>.05) between markers and technique. The use of TiO2 alone or in combination with Cr2O3 seems to be a suitable alternative to TFC and Cr2O3 to calculate apparent digestibility of the total digestive tract determined in sheep by PS and AAS.Guzman, MSc, was granted for a CONACyT fellowship during his studies in the University National Autonomous of Mexico. Dr. Gonzalez Ronquillo was granted for a CONACyT fellowship ‘Estacias sabaticas en el Extranjero, 2014’. This project was supported by UNAM, DGAPA - PAPIIT [IN20600

Avaliação do efeito de Cymbopogon citratus no consumo, digestibilidade, emissão de metano e partição de energia em bovinos em crescimento

Methane (CH4) produced by enteric fermentation in cattle is of utmost importance as it contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. This gas is a product of the fermentation that feed undergoes in the rumen, resulting in an energy loss for the animal. So, reducing CH4 production would lead to a more efficient use of the gross energy ingested, which could be used to transform it into meat or milk and would also reduce CH4 emissions into the environment. There are several CH4 mitigation strategies, such as the addition of plants with a high concentration of secondary metabolites, like Cymbopogon citratus (CC). Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate increasing levels of CC on dry matter intake (DM), nutrient digestibility (DIG), CH4 production and partition of gross energy intake in growing cattle fed a high forage diet (68.6% forage: 31.4% concentrate). Four heifers (¾ Holstein × ¼ Charolais) with an average initial live weight of 225 ± 64 kg distributed in a 4×4 Latin square design was used. The experimental treatments were: 1) control diet (CO); 2) CO + 30 g CC DM/d; 3) CO + 60 g CC DM/d and 4) CO + 90 g CC DM/d. A 22.4 % and 21.2 % reduction in CH4 yield (CH4 g/kg DMI) and Ym factor respectively was observed with the 30 CC treatment compared to CO (P ≤ 0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed for means related with DMI, DIG and partition of gross energy intake (P > 0.05). It is concluded that supplementation with 30 g CC DM/d reduces CH4 yield without affecting animal performance.El metano (CH4) producido por fermentación entérica de los bovinos es de suma relevancia ya que contribuye a las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Este gas es un producto final de la fermentación que sufren los alimentos en el rumen, resultando en una pérdida energética para el animal. Disminuir la producción de CH4 conllevaría a hacer un uso más eficiente de la energía bruta ingerida que podría ser aprovechada para ser transformada en carne o leche, y además se reducirían las emisiones de CH4 hacia el medio ambiente. Existen diversas estrategias de mitigación de CH4, como la adición de plantas con alta concentración de metabolitos secundarios, como Cymbopogon citratus (CC). Es por lo anterior, que el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar niveles crecientes de CC sobre el consumo de materia seca (CMS), digestibilidad de nutrientes (DIG), producción de CH4 y partición de la energía bruta consumida en ganado bovino en crecimiento alimentado con una dieta alta en forraje (68.6% forraje: 31.4% concentrado). Se utilizaron cuatro becerras (¾ Holstein × ¼ Charoláis) con un peso vivo inicial promedio de 225 ± 64 kg distribuidos en un diseño de cuadrado latino 4×4. Los tratamientos experimentales fueron: 1) dieta control (CO); 2) CO + 30 g CC MS/d; 3) CO + 60 g CC MS/d y 4) CO + 90 g CC MS/d. Se observó una reducción del 22.4 % y 21.2 % en el rendimiento de CH4 (CH4 g/kg CMS) y factor Ym, respectivamente, con el tratamiento 30 CC comparado con CO (P ≤ 0.05). No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para las medias relacionadas con el CMS, DIG y partición de la energía bruta consumida (P > 0.05). Se concluye que la suplementación con 30 g CC MS/d reduce el rendimiento de CH4 sin afectar el desempeño productivo animal.O metano (CH4) produzido pela fermentação entérica de bovinos é de extrema relevância, pois contribui para a emissão de gases de efeito estufa. Reduzir a produção de CH4 levaria a um uso mais eficiente da energia bruta ingerida (EBi), aumentando a produtividade animal e também reduzindo as emissões de CH4 no meio ambiente. Entre as estratégias de mitigação de CH4 está a adição de plantas como Cymbopogon citratus (CC) com alta concentração de metabólitos secundários como taninos condensados. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar níveis crescentes de CC sobre o consumo de matéria seca (CMS), digestibilidade dos nutrientes (DIG), produção de CH4 e partição de EBi em bovinos em crescimento alimentados com uma dieta de 68,6% de forragem + 31,4% de concentrado. Foram utilizados quatro bezerros (¾ Holandês × ¼ Charoláis) com peso vivo inicial de 225 ± 64 kg distribuídos em quadrado latino 4 × 4. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: 1) dieta controle (CO); 2) CO + 30 g CC MS/d; 3) CO + 60 g CC MS/d e 4) CO + 90 g CC MS/d. Cada período experimental consistiu em 25 dias de adaptação ao tratamento e oito dias de amostragem, sendo os últimos três dias dedicados à quantificação da emissão de CH4 em câmaras de respiração de circuito aberto. Uma redução de 22,4% e 21,2% no rendimento de CH4 (CH4 g/kg CMS) e fator Ym, respectivamente, foi observada com o tratamento de 30 CC em comparação com CO (P<0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças para a partição CMS, DIG e EBi (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que a suplementação com 30 g CC MS/d reduz o rendimento de CH4 sem afetar o desempenho produtivo animal, com o mesmo ganho de peso para todos os tratamentos (P > 0,05)

Influences of a Supplemental Blend of Essential Oils Plus 25-Hydroxy-Vit-D3 and Zilpaterol Hydrochloride (β2 Agonist) on Growth Performance and Carcass Measures of Feedlot Lambs Finished under Conditions of High Ambient Temperature.

Forty-eight Pelibuey × Katahdin male intact lambs (25.12 ± 3.79 kg LW) were used in a 70-d growing-finishing trial. Dietary treatments consisted of total mixed corn-based diet supplemented with: (1) no feed additives (Control); (2) 150 mg of essential oils blend plus 0.10 mg of 25-hydroxy-Vit-D3/kg diet offered throughout the 70-d experimental period (EOD3); (3) Control diet fed during the first 35 days and zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZH) supplementation at 6 mg/kg diet offered during the final 35 days of the experiment (32 days with ZH with a withdrawal 3-d before harvest), and (4) basal diet supplemented with EOD3 during first 35 days finishing, and EOD3 in combination with ZH (EOD3 + ZH) during the subsequent 32-days with ZH withdrawal 3 days before harvest. The temperature-humidity index during the experiment averaged 80.4 ± 3.2. There were no treatment interactions (p > 0.20) on growth performance and carcass measures. Supplemental EOD3 did not affect (p = 0.43) dry matter intake (DMI), but increased (p < 0.01) carcass adjusted average daily gain (ADG, 9.2%), gain efficiency (GF, 6.7%), and observed vs. expected dietary net energy for maintenance (NEm, 4.8%) and for gain (NEg, 6.4%). Supplemental ZH did not affect dry matter intake (DMI, p = 0.50) but increased (p < 0.01) carcass adjusted ADG (14.5%), GF (13%) and observed vs. expected dietary NEm (9%) and NEg (11.7%). Compared to control lambs, the combination of both additives increased ADG (24.9%), GF (21.2%), and observed vs. expected dietary NEm and NEg (14.2% and 18.9%, respectively). There were no treatment interactions on carcass characteristics, visceral organ mass, or on gene expression of IGF1, IGF2 and mTOR in longissimus muscle (LM). Supplemental EOD3 increased hot carcass weight (HCW; 4.0%, p < 0.01) but did not affect other carcass measures. Supplemental EOD3 decreased (3%, p = 0.03) intestine mass weight (g intestine/kg empty body weight). Supplemental ZH increased HCW (6%, p < 0.01), dressing percentage (1.7%, p = 0.04), and LM area (9.7%, p < 0.01), and decreased kidney-pelvic-fat percentage (16.2%, p < 0.01), fat thickness (14.7%, p = 0.03), and visceral fat. Compared to controls, the combination of EOD3 with ZH increased HCW (10.2%). It is concluded that growth performance responses to supplemental EOD3 and ZH are additive. Both supplements can be fed in combination without detrimental effects on expected benefits when fed separately. In addition, ZH supplementation improves carcass traits

Fracciones de la proteína en distintos genotipos de soya (Glicyne max) y componentes de la planta, en tres etapas fenológicas: Protein fractions in different soybean genotypes (Glicyne max) and plant components, in three phenological stages

Se evaluaron las fracciones de proteína en cuatro genotipos de soya: Ojo de tigre, Valente, Alvina y Salcer, (generados a partir de la variedad ISAAEG – BM2), y tres etapas fenológicas: 100% floración, ejote tierno y grano. Las muestras se obtuvieron en parcelas agrícolas del Centro de Estudios Profesionales del Colegio Superior Agropecuario del Estado de Guerrero (CSAEGRO), localizado en el Km 14.5 de la carretera Iguala – Cocula, Gro. Geográficamente se encuentra a 18° 16´ latitud norte y 99° 39´longitud oeste del meridiano de Greenwich, a 640 msnm de altitud, el clima es tropical seco con precipitación media anual de 797 mm, temperatura máxima y mínima de 40 y 10 °C, respectivamente. El suelo es vertisol de textura arcillosa color negro con una profundidad de 80 cm de capa arable. El material genético de cada genotipo se obtuvo por mediante un proceso de irradiación recurrente con rayos Gamma de Co60 de semilla R4M10 de la variedad ISAAEG – BM2. A partir del ciclo 14, establecido en el ciclo otoño-invierno (1997), del cual desde entonces se sembraron 369 líneas L3 y 184 líneas L10 pertenecientes a R4M11. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con arreglo factorial y 4 repeticiones, los genotipos se establecieron parcelas de 6 m de ancho por 8 metros de largo, incluyendo 8 surcos, y de los cuatro surcos centrales de la parcela se obtuvieron aleatoriamente las muestras en 8 plantas, en las etapas fenológicas  antes citadas; estas se deshidrataron en estufa a 55°C y se molieron en molino Thomas-Whiley con criba de 1 mm, posteriormente se analizaron en el Laboratorio de Bromatología del Departamento de Nutrición Animal y Bioquímica de la FMVZ-UNAM. Se determinaron las fracciones de la proteína a través de las determinaciones de N total (Kjeldhal, AOAC, 2015, 2001.11); proteína insoluble en solución buffer y proteína verdadera soluble (Krishnamoorthy et al., 1982); proteína en fibra detergente neutro y fibra detergente ácido (Van Soest 1991), según la metodología del sistema Cornell (CNCPS). Los resultados se evaluaron por el análisis de varianza del diseño experimental antes descrito utilizando SAS (2000), la diferencia entre medias se realizó por medio de Tukey. Hubo interacción de los factores en estudio sobre el contenido de PC, PINS y NNP. Las fracciones de proteína en los granos de soya de los genotipos: Ojo de tigre, Valente y Alvina, fueron superiores a las del forraje, y pueden tener mayor valor nutritivo para rumiantes, sin embargo, aun en el forraje no son bajas, y es necesaria su evaluación en una prueba de comportamiento productivo del ganado in vivo

Analisis proximal, fracciones de fibra y elementos minerales en cuatro genotipos de grano de soya (Glicyne max), desarrollados en CSAEGRO: Proximal analysis, fiber fractions and mineral elements in four genotypes of soybean (Glicyne max), developed at CSAEGRO

Con el objetivo de evaluar nutricionalmente cuatro genotipos de soya: Ojo de tigre, Valente, Alvina y Salcer, desarrolladas en las parcelas agrícolas del Centro de Estudios Profesionales del Colegio Superior Agropecuario del Estado de Guerrero (CSAEGRO), localizado en el Km 14.5 de la carretera Iguala – Cocula, Gro. Geográficamente se encuentra a 18° 16´ latitud norte y 99° 39´longitud oeste del meridiano de Greenwich, a 640 msnm de altitud, el clima es tropical seco con precipitación media anual de 797 mm, temperatura máxima y mínima de 40 y 10 °C, respectivamente. El suelo es vertisol de textura arcillosa color negro con una profundidad de 80 cm de capa arable. El material genético de cada genotipo se obtuvo por mediante un proceso de irradiación recurrente con rayos Gamma de Co60 de semilla R4M10 de la variedad ISAAEG – BM2. A partir del ciclo 14, establecido en el ciclo otoño-invierno (1997), del cual desde entonces se sembraron 369 líneas L3 y 184 líneas L10 pertenecientes a R4M11. Se utilizó un diseño experimental completamente al azar con 4 repeticiones, los genotipos se establecieron parcelas de 6 m de ancho por 8 metros de largo, incluyendo 8 surcos, y de los cuatro surcos centrales de la parcela se obtuvieron aleatoriamente el total de vainas en etapa de grano maduro de 8 plantas. El grano fue pasado a través del molino Thomas-Whiley con criba de 1 mm, las muestras se analizaron en el Laboratorio de Bromatología del Departamento de Nutrición Animal y Bioquímica de la FMVZ-UNAM. Los resultados registraron diferencias en contenido de cenizas, fracciones de fibra y elementos minerales de los genotipos estudiados. Un menor contenido en FDA y mayor contenido celular en el genotipo Ojo de tigre, dado que no hay disminución en contenido de PB y EE en comparación con los demás genotipos, sugiere un mayor valor nutritivo de Ojo de tigre. &nbsp

Comparação de pH e matéria seca em três processos de silagem com forragem de gergelim (Sesamum indicum) nos trópicos secos.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el pH y la materia seca (MS) en tres procesos de ensilaje con planta de ajonjolí en climas secos. Los experimentos se realizaron en la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia No. 1 de la Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. En el experimento 1, se ensiló forraje de maíz combinado con forraje de ajonjolí (T1: 100:00, T2: 75:25, T3: 50:50, T4: 25:75 y T5: 00:100% respectivamente). En el experimento 2 se ensiló forraje de ajonjolí mezclado con melaza (T1:0, T2:4, T3:8 y T4:12% respectivamente) En el experimento 3 se ensiló planta de ajonjolí sola (T1), con melaza 8% (T2), planta presecada sola (T3) y planta presecada con melaza 8% (T4). Se realizaron síes microsilos por tratamiento (6 réplicas). Los diseños experimentales fueron completamente al azar. En el experimento 1, el pH más bajo fue para el T1 con un valor de 3.83, en el experimento 2 fue para el T4 con un valor de 3.94 y en el experimento 3 fue para el T2 con un valor de 4.00. Para la MS, el contenido fue mayor para el T1 con 28.55%, en el experimento 2 fue para el T4 con 27.63% y en el experimento 3 fue para el T3 con 36.00%. Todos los experimentos mostraron diferencia estadística (p< 0.0001) entre tratamientos. Sin embargo, los valores para pH y MS son aceptables para prácticamente todos los tratamientos, en acuerdo con otras investigaciones. Por lo tanto, se concluye que al ensilar forraje de ajonjolí mezclado con forraje de maíz, melaza o planta presercada se logra mejorar la fermentación ácida y se incrementa el contenido de materia seca. Sin embargo, es necesario realizar evaluaciones posteriores de las propiedades físico-químicas y determinar su valor nutritivo.The objective of this study was to compare the pH and dry matter (DM) in three silage processes with sesame plants in dry climates. The experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics No. 1 of the Autonomous University of Guerrero. In experiment 1, corn forage combined with sesame forage was ensiled (T1: 100:00, T2: 75:25, T3: 50:50, T4: 25:75 and T5: 00:100% respectively). In experiment 2 sesame forage mixed with molasses (T1:0, T2:4, T3:8 and T4:12% respectively) was ensiled. In experiment 3 sesame plant alone (T1) was ensiled with 8% molasses ( T2), pre-dried plant alone (T3) and pre-dried plant with 8% molasses (T4). Six microsilos per treatment (6 replicates) were made. The experimental designs were completely randomized. In experiment 1, the lowest pH was for T1 with a value of 3.83, in experiment 2 it was for T4 with a value of 3.94 and in experiment 3 it was for T2 with a value of 4.00. For DM, the content was higher for T1 with 28.55%, in experiment 2 it was for T4 with 27.63% and in experiment 3 it was for T3 with 36.00%. All the experiments showed statistical difference (p< 0.0001) between treatments. However, the values for pH and DM are acceptable for practically all treatments, in agreement with other investigations. Therefore, it is concluded that ensiling sesame forage mixed with corn forage, molasses or presercated plant improves acid fermentation and increases the dry matter content. However, it is necessary to carry out further evaluations of the physical-chemical properties and determine its nutritive value.O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o pH e a matéria seca (MS) em três processos de silagem com plantas de gergelim em climas secos. Os experimentos foram realizados na Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia nº 1 da Universidade Autônoma de Guerrero. No experimento 1, a forragem de milho combinada com a forragem de gergelim foi ensilada (T1: 100:00, T2: 75:25, T3: 50:50, T4: 25:75 e T5: 00:100% respectivamente). No experimento 2 a forragem de gergelim foi ensilada misturada com melaço (T1:0, T2:4, T3:8 e T4:12% respectivamente) - planta seca sozinha (T3) e planta pré-seca com 8% de melaço (T4). Seis microsilos por tratamento (6 réplicas) foram feitos. Os delineamentos experimentais foram inteiramente casualizados. No experimento 1, o menor pH foi para T1 com valor de 3,83, no experimento 2 foi para T4 com valor de 3,94 e no experimento 3 foi para T2 com valor de 4,00. Para MS o teor foi maior para T1 com 28,55%, no experimento 2 foi para T4 com 27,63% e no experimento 3 foi para T3 com 36,00%. Todos os experimentos apresentaram diferença estatística (p< 0,0001) entre os tratamentos. No entanto, os valores de pH e MS são aceitáveis ​​para praticamente todos os tratamentos, concordando com outras investigações. Portanto, conclui-se que a ensilagem de forragem de gergelim misturada com forragem de milho, melaço ou planta preservada melhora a fermentação ácida e aumenta o teor de matéria seca. No entanto, é necessário realizar mais avaliações das propriedades físico-químicas e determinar seu valor nutritivo

RUMINAL AND INTESTINAL DIGESTION OF MAIZE (Zea mays) AND SORGHUM (Sorghum bicolor L. MOENCH) USING DIFFERENT DIGESTIBILITY TECHNIQUES (IN VIVO, IN VITRO AND IN SACCO)

The knowledge of the digestibility of the food is basic to establish its nutritive value and bioavailability of the nutrients. Numerous laboratory tests have been used to estimate the ruminal and intestinal digestion of the food such as in vitro (Gas and Daisy production) and in sacco, to be compared with the in vivo method. Sorghum presented the highest (P 0.05) were found between grains. With regard to the digestibility methods, the DMD was lower (P 0.01) for the in sacco and in vitro methods (Daisy). The production of VFA's was similar for both cereals. In situ and in vitro techniques (DaisyII®) allow the determination of digestibility quick and easy compared to conventional methods. Sorghum grinding improves its nutritional value by increasing its digestibility, which represents an alternative to maize for feeding calves for fattening

Comparison of the Mineral Profile of Two Types of Horse Diet, Silage and Commercial Concentrate, and Their Impacts on Hoof Tensile Strength

The type of diet that a horse consumes is one of the most important factors determining the mineral profile and tensile strength of its hooves, so the quality and nutritional value of the supplied feed are fundamental to achieving satisfactory hoof quality. The objective of this study was to compare the differences in the mineral concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and Iron (Fe) between two diets, namely silage and a commercial concentrate, using atomic absorption spectrometry and to determine which led to higher increases in the hoof tensile strength of horses consuming these diets. Thirty-two Spanish horses were randomly divided into two groups, where the diet of the horses in group 1 was silage oat hay, and that of the horses in group 2 was a commercial concentrate and oat hay. Both diets were provided for 12 months. The hoof tensile strength was then measured using an Instron universal testing machine. Mg and Fe levels were higher (p p p 2 and −0.003 N/mm2, respectively for each mineral

Effect of <i>Cymbopogon citratus</i> on Enteric Methane Emission, Nutrients Digestibility, and Energy Partition in Growing Beef Cattle

Methane production is a waste of energy for ruminants and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anti-methanogenic effect of increasing the supplementation levels of Cymbopogon citratus (CC) on the dry matter intake (DMI), digestibility, methane (CH4) production, and partitioning of the gross energy intake in growing beef heifers fed with a diet high in forage (68.6% forage: 31.4% concentrate). An experiment was conducted using Holstein × Charolais heifers distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The experimental treatments were: (1) control diet (CO), (2) CO + 30 g CC DM/d, (3) CO + 60 g CC DM/d CC, and (4) CO + 90 g CC DM/d. A reduction of 22.4% in methane yield (CH4 g/kg DMI) and a reduction of 21.2% in the Ym factor was observed with the 30 CC treatment (p ≤ 0.05). However, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for the total daily CH4 production, DMI, nutrient digestibility, and gross energy intake partitioning in the heifers. Therefore, we concluded that the supplementation of 30 g CC DM/d reduced the CH4 yield without affecting the animal performance. However, the anti-methanogenic properties of Cymbopogon citratus deserve more investigation