CANINE SERTOLI CELL TUMOR: CASE REPORT

A 10-year-old male German shepherd dog was diagnosed with Sertoli cell tumor and paraneoplastic feminization syndrom

The Validation of Routine Analytical Methods in Histotechnology: A Practical Approach

The present studies have the purpose to in house validation process in histotechnology for routine methods. The samples used were different types of tissue for quality control (QC) including positive and negative control. For calculation of the performance parameters has establish a grading scale for staining quality and an general quantification scale of the elements in slide samples. For proper internal control for quality assurance/ quality control (QA/QC) can be used: kidney, liver, skin and small intestine tissue and specific positive control and negative tissue control, when it is applicable. Regularly using of these samples and monitoring of theirs characteristics through control chart can assure the QA/QC and fitness to purpose of the methods

The Necropsy Report in Veterinary Medicine: a Short Overview

The Necropsy Report in Veterinary Medicine: a Short Overvie

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL QUANTIFICATON OF MACROPHAGES AND MICROVASCULARISATION IN ADIPOSE TISSUE OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE PATIENTS

Obesity, with all its comorbidities, is increasingly recognized as a major health problem (1). Recent literature indicates a link between the process of fat formation and inflammation (2,3). Obesity, alone or as a part of the metabolic syndrome, is characterized by a state of chronic low-level inflammation as revealed by raised plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and acute-phase proteins. When adipocytes increase in size during weight-gain, they secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), which, in turn, stimulates monocyte chemoattractant protein MCP-1 release. MCP-1 recruits monocytes from the circulation, which infiltrate adipose tissue and stimulate adipocytes to produce the inflammatory cytokines (1). The altered production of pro inflammatory molecules (so-called “adipokines”) by adipose tissue has been implicated in the metabolic complications of obesity. Compared with adipose tissue of lean individuals, adipose tissue of the obese expresses increased amounts of pro inflammatory proteins such as TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS (also known as NOS2), TGF-β1, C-reactive protein, soluble ICAM, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) and procoagulant proteins such as plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), tissue factor, and factor VII. That adipocytes express receptors for several pro inflammatory molecules (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) supports models in which adipocytes were both the source and target of pro inflammatory signals (4). Obesity induces adipose tissue macrophage infiltration in both humans and mice (5). Macrophage numbers and/or macrophage inflammatory gene expression in white adipose tissue are positively correlated with adipocyte size and body mass index (BMI) in mice and negatively correlated with weight loss in obese humans (4). Macrophages are the predominant source of tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) and a significant source of interleukin-6 and nitric oxide in white adipose tissue of obese (ob/ob, db/db) mice and humans (4,6). A “spike” in macrophage inflammatory gene expression in white adipose tissue immediately precedes or is coincident with the onset of hyperinsulinemia in murine diet-induced obesity. These observations implicate macrophage activation in the development of obesity associated white adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance (7). Chronic inflammation and angiogenesis are two processes that assemble together. These two phenomena have long been coupled together in many chronic inflammatory disorders with distinct etiopathogenic origin, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, diabetes, and cancer. Lately, this concept has further been substantiated by the finding that several previously established non-inflammatory disorders, such as osteoarthritis and obesity, display both inflammation and angiogenesis in an exacerbated manner (8). Adipose tissue macrophages have an important angiogenetic effect. Recent studies have also demonstrated that inhibition of angiogenesis reduces adipose tissue mass. These findings strongly suggest that stromal cells and blood vessels play key roles in adipogenesis. (9). The aims of the present study were to quantify the infiltration of macrophages in adipose tissue and microcirculation in overweight and obese patients and to evaluate the correlation between these parameters

Oncogenesis Through Stem Cells

The hypothesis indicating the existence of tumoral stem cells and the process of oncogenesis refreshed the scientific world. The stem cells are able to proliferate symmetrically (by forming two stem cells) and asymmetrically. The existence of cancerous stem cells has been proved not only in carcinogenesis, but also in the evolution of various human tumor types (breast cancer, prostatic cancer). Furthermore, the frequent bad results following to anti-cancerous therapies seem to be the consequence of the great resistance of cancerous stem cells to many drugs. In fact it is known the resistance of normal stem cells to hostile or toxic environment. By having mentioned aspects there has been elaborated a new hypothesis regarding carcinogenesis. The initiation of the neoplastic process seems to happen in stem cells that suffer transformation (initiation), becoming in fact cancerous stem cells. These modified cells represent also the first stage of carcinogenesis, which later are involved in tumoral promotion and progression. This hypothesis based on cancerous stem cells, opened the perspective of some new researches directed against stem tumoral cells

An Episode of Proliferative Hemorrhagic Enteropathy Associated with Lawsonia Intracellularis in a Pig Farm from Romania

Introduction: In swine, Lawsonia intracellularis is known to be responsible for porcine proliferative enteropathy. The syndrome can be divided in an acute intestinal hemorrhage (proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy) affecting naïve adult pigs and a wasting disease (porcine intestinal adenomatosis) in growing pigs. As new diagnostic techniques develop, there is increased number of pig farms where L. intracellularis is being identified worldwide.Aims: There are few reports of L. intracellularis outbreaks in Romania. We aimed to describe the clinical signs, treatment, outcome, gross necropsy and histopathological lesions from an episode of proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy associated with L. intracellularis in a farm from Transylvania.Materials and methods: A farm of 4000 pigs (TOPIGS line) from Bistrita-Nasaud County. The microscopical examination was composed of Hematoxilin and Eosin exam, Warthin-Starry silver stain and immunohistochemistry for Multi-Cytokeratin.Results: Over a period of 6 days, a total number of 10 pigs dyed (from 2000 animals in the age group 90-120 days), and 1 pig dyed (from 1000 animals in the age group 60-90 days) with pallor, anorexia or with no clinical signs. Gross lesions were represented by pallor of the carcass and were restricted to the ileum. The intestinal wall was thicker (cerebriform aspect) and turgid. A mixture of blood and fibrin was present in the ileum, impregnating the faeces in the large intestine. Histologically the mucosa was thicker due to epithelial proliferation (Multi-Cytokeratin positive), with few Goblet cells, with severe erosion, necrosis and haemorrhage. Curved rod-shaped bacteria with morphology consistent with L. intracellularis were observed in the apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells using the Warthin-Starry silver stain. The food was medicated with chlortetracycline (20 - 40 mg a.s./kg b.w./day) and the pigs remained healthy, with no further mortality.Conclusion: We report here an outbreak of proliferative hemorrhagic enteropathy associated with L. intracellularis in a pig farm from Romania, emphasizing the importance of early diagnostic and control measures for this disease

Etiology and Pathogenic Mechanisms Involved in the Urothelial Tumors in Cattle

Urinary bladder and urethral tumors have a low incidence, except in cattle, where enzootic hematuria is associated with both epithelial and/or non-epithelial tumors and preneoplastic lesions. Urinary tract tumors are often invasive and have a high metastasizing capacity.The aims of the present study was to evaluate the etiology of urothelial lesions in cattle, to morphologically asses both preneoplastic and tumoral lesions and to make a correlation between the infection with Bovine Papillomavirus, type 1, 2 and 4 and the consumption of bracken fern in cattle from geographical areas where chronic haematuria has an enzootic character. 50 biopsies were taken into study from a total number of 400 cattle taken to the slaughterhouse between October 2011 and March 2013; they were analyzed using histopathology (hematoxylin-eosin stain), immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis for the BPV infection serotypes 1, 2 and 4. The immunohistochemistry markers we used were panCK (for epithelial tissues) and Ki-67 (a proliferation marker). After the gross pathological and histopathology examination of the bladders, we found that 60% of the lesions were of preneoplastic nature (including circulatory and inflammatory lesions) and 40% tumoral lesions were identified (in situ carcinomas, proliferative urothelial neoplasms with a low malignancy potential, adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas). The expressions of panCK and Ki-67 markers were intense and uniform in both preneoplastic and tumoral lesions. Through polymerase chain reaction technique, DNA from Bovine Papillomavirus was identified in a high percentage in tumoral lesions and a much lower percentage in non-tumoral lesions. We concluded that serotype 2 infection has an important role in urinary bladder carcinogenesis in cows from Romania, in areas where bracken fern causes enzootic hematuria

Induced Lesions by Dimethyl Benzanthracene

Dimethyl benzanthracene subcutaneous administration in mice leads to appearance of some necrosis zones with about 1 cm diameter at inoculation place. At necropsic examination effected to 15 months from experiment star were observed: necrosis zones and cutaneous punctiform erosions in dorsal region, in animals from lots with subcutaneous inoculation with dimethyl benzanthracene (lots 1, 2 and 3); increasing of adipose tissue layer in animals whose food was with carotenoids (lots 4 and 5). Histopathologically were put into evidence the epidermis hyperplasia and hypertrophy in animals of lot with dimethyl benzanthracene subcutaneous inoculation (lot 1); images of dysplasia and methaplasia, changes considered preneoplasic. In animals of lots 2 and 3 (with carotenoid supplement in food), histopathologically were observed only small epithelial proliferations as buttons’ shape and thickening of dermis papillae basis on fibrous connective tissue. In animals from the lot with subcutaneous dimethyl benzanthracene administration, without carotenoid supplement in food (lot 1), histopathologically appears esophagus gastric mucous membrane hyperkeratosis, aspect that is not present in case of animals from the lots with carotenoids in food (lots 2, 3, 4 and 5). The protector effect of carotenoids is observed both on skin of inoculated places with dimethyl benzanthracene and also on esophagus type gastric mucous membrane level. We underline the first time demonstration of protector and healing effect of rodoxanthi

Muscular Regeneration After Prosthetic Implants at Abdominal Wall Region in Rabbits

Five female domestic rabbits, aged five months, were surgically approached for implantation of polypropylene prosthetic meshes at abdominal wall level, in a preperitoneal position. After 90 days post-implant, biopsies from implant areas were sampled and processed for histopathological examinations. Microscopic examination revealed processes of muscular regeneration in muscular fascicles from the vicinity of implants, but also in proliferated connective tissue between the implants and muscular fascicles. We believe that myoblasts identified within the muscular fascicles appeared because of satellite cells and those from connective tissue from stem cell existing in the area

Interaction between Kupffer Cells and Carbon Nanotubes-Transition from Biodistribution and Toxicity to Kupffer Cell Targeted Therapy

. The Kupffer (KCs) cells play the major role in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases, initiating and maintaining the inflammation and activation of the hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), events leading finally to liver parenchyma fibrosis and cirrhosis. The previous biodistribution studies showed an intense uptake of nanoparticles with specific characteristics and functional groups in the hepatic Kupffer (KCs), showing the major potential of these types of carriers for targeted therapy in liver inflammatory and storage disorders. In vivo uptake of Single and Multi-wall Carbon Nanotubes by the hepatic cells was tested, assessing the potential use of the ss-DNA-SWCNT as drug carriers for Kupffer cells targeted drug delivery. The changes in terms of histology, histochemistry and apoptosis were determined in liver in order to assess the local toxic effect. Fluorescently labeled Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes were injected intraperitoneally (IP) in rats and traced by CLSM and histology in terms of distribution and amount in the liver tissue. In the present experiment we determined the rapid and intense accumulation of both forms of CNT in Kupffer cells comparing with hepatocytes and endothelial cells, probing a strong and specific interaction of ss-DNA labeled nanoparticles with Kupffer cells. Discreet changes in the histology, histochemistry and caspase3 expression was observed. The strong Kupffer cell-associated nanoparticle distribution and the low toxicity at our tested dose open the possibilities of using this form of nanoparticle and functional group as nanocarriers for specific drug delivery in the hepatic Kupffer cells