Household Food Insecurity in Canada Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings from the International Food Policy Study 2018-2020

Background: Food insecurity refers to constrained food access due to inadequate financial resources. Those living in food-insecure households are at risk for compromised nutrition, including inadequate nutrient intakes. Furthermore, food insecurity is linked to numerous diet-related non-communicable diseases, including poor mental health, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Reducing food insecurity is thus an important population health goal to improve nutritional status and reduce non-communicable disease risk. There are numerous sociodemographic factors, such as income, racial identity, and region, that are associated with food insecurity in Canada. Food bank use is considered an indicator of food insecurity, especially in short-term situations, yet the suitability of food bank use as a measure for food insecurity is questionable. The COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted the prevalence of food insecurity in Canada due to reduced income. Examining the relationship between household food insecurity and sociodemographic factors, including how the COVID-19 pandemic may have differential impacts on certain sociodemographic groups, could shed unique insights into effective interventions to ameliorate food insecurity. Research Questions: The study addressed four primary research questions: (1) What proportion of adults in the IFPS lived in food-insecure households in 2018, 2019, and 2020, and how has the prevalence of household food insecurity changed over time? (2) Are there significant differences in the proportion of respondents who live in food-insecure households among certain sociodemographic groups before and during the COVID-19 pandemic? (3) What proportion of respondents who live in food-insecure households also report preparing or consuming food collected from a food bank in the past week, and how does the sociodemographic profile of those who did prepare or consume food from a food bank differ from those who didn't? and (4) What proportion of adults self-reported that the COVID-19 pandemic impacted whether their household had enough food to eat? Methods: Repeat cross-sectional data were drawn from the International Food Policy Study. Data were collected via self-completed web-based surveys conducted in November-December 2018, 2019, and 2020. Respondents included adults aged 18 to 100 years residing in Canada at the time of the survey. Respondents were recruited using nonprobability-based sampling from the Nielsen Global Panel. Food insecurity was assessed using the Household Food Security Survey Module. Respondents were also asked if they prepared or consumed food that was collected from a food bank in the past week and if COVID-19 had an impact on whether their household had enough food to eat and on their ability to meet their financial obligations in 2020. In model 1, a multinomial regression tested the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and household food insecurity (0=Food secure, 1=Moderate food insecurity, 2=Severe food insecurity), and 2-way interactions with survey year were assessed to examine patterns over time. In model 2, a binary logistic regression examined the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and preparing or consuming food collected from a food bank within the past seven days (0=No, 1=Yes), and 2-way interactions between sociodemographic characteristics and survey year and household food security status were analyzed. In model 3, a multinomial regression tested the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and the self-reported impact of COVID-19 on whether households had enough food to eat in 2020 only (0=Not at all, 1=A little, 2=A lot). Results: Approximately one-third of respondents lived in moderately or severely food insecure households between 2018 and 2020. The prevalence of living in severely food-insecure households was higher in 2019 compared to 2018 (OR:1.28; CI:1.061-1.540), and higher in 2019 compared to 2020 (OR: 1.17; CI: 0.97-1.41). Similarly, the proportion of respondents who reported preparing or consuming food collected from a food bank was greater in 2019 compared to 2018 (OR:1.49; CI:1.05-2.12) and greater in 2019 compared to 2020 (OR:1.13; CI:0.78-1.64). As hypothesized, respondents who were younger and who reported lower perceived income adequacy, lower levels of education, having a child under 18 years old, and who identified as Indigenous or Black had higher odds of living in food-insecure households. The associations between sociodemographics and household food insecurity were consistent over time, except for education and having a child. Respondents who had a child were less likely to live in a severely food-insecure household in 2019 (compared to 2018 and 2020), while those who did not have a child were more likely to live in a severely food-insecure household in 2019 (compared to 2018 and 2020). Respondents who had a university degree were more likely to live in moderately and severely food-insecure households in 2020 compared to 2019, while all other education groups had lower household food insecurity levels in 2020. When asked about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, about one-third of respondents self-reported that it had "a little" or "a lot" of impact on whether their household had enough food to eat. Low perceived income adequacy and self-reported financial impact of the pandemic were associated with self-reporting that the COVID-19 pandemic affected whether their household had enough food to eat. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has been hypothesized as a potential contributor to food insecurity as it has altered the daily life and financial stability of many households in Canada. However, the findings suggest that household food insecurity decreased in 2020 following an increase in 2019. This research adds to the body of literature on household food insecurity during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research should be conducted to examine how the prevalence of food insecurity continues to be impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic over time, especially as financial assistance programs created during the pandemic have ended, potentially impacting the income adequacy of households in Canada

Recall of government healthy eating campaigns by consumers in five countries.

OBJECTIVE: To examine awareness and recall of healthy eating public education campaigns in five countries. DESIGN: Data were cross-sectional and collected as part of the 2018 International Food Policy Study. Respondents were asked whether they had seen government healthy eating campaigns in the past year; if yes (awareness), they were asked to describe the campaign. Open-ended descriptions were coded to indicate recall of specific campaigns. Logistic models regressed awareness of healthy eating campaigns on participant country, age, sex, ethnicity, education, income adequacy and BMI. Analyses were also stratified by country. SETTING: Online surveys. PARTICIPANTS: Participants were Nielsen panelists aged ≥18 years in Australia, Canada, Mexico, UK and the USA (n 22 463). RESULTS: Odds of campaign awareness were higher in Mexico (50·9 %) than UK (18·2 %), Australia (17·9 %), the USA (13·0 %) and Canada (10·2 %) (P 0·05), and age was associated with campaign awareness in UK (P < 0·001). Common keywords in all countries included sugar/sugary drinks, fruits and vegetables, and physical activity. The top five campaigns recalled were Chécate, mídete, muévete (Mexico), PrevenIMSS (Mexico), Change4Life (UK), LiveLighter® (Australia), and Actívate, Vive Mejor (Mexico). CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, UK and Australia, comprehensive campaigns to promote healthy lifestyles appear to have achieved broad, population-level reach

Postprandial Effects of Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) Consumption on Glucose Metabolism, Gastrointestinal Hormone Response, and Perceived Appetite in Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

The consumption of blueberries, as well as the phenolic compounds they contain, may alter metabolic processes related to type 2 diabetes. The study investigated the effects of adding 140 g of blueberries to a higher-carbohydrate breakfast meal on postprandial glucose metabolism, gastrointestinal hormone response, and perceived appetite. As part of a randomized crossover design study, 17 healthy adults consumed a standardized higher-carbohydrate breakfast along with 2 treatments: (1) 140 g (1 cup) of whole blueberries and (2) a placebo gel (matched for calories, sugars, and fiber of the whole blueberries). Each subject participated in two 2-h meal tests on separate visits &ge;8 days apart. Venous blood samples and perceived appetite ratings using visual analog scales were obtained prior to and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after consuming the breakfast meals. Results show that glucose metabolism, several gastrointestinal hormones, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY) concentrations and perceived appetite did not change significantly with blueberry consumption. However, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) concentrations were statistically significantly higher (p = 0.0367), and the concentrations were higher during 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after consumption of the blueberry breakfast meal than the placebo breakfast meal. Additional research is needed to determine whether blueberries and other flavonoid-rich foods reduce type 2 diabetes risk by modifying gastrointestinal hormones and perceived appetite