A historical review of the development of electronic textiles

Textiles have been at the heart of human technological progress for thousands of years, with textile developments closely tied to key inventions that have shaped societies. The relatively recent invention of electronic textiles is set to push boundaries again and has already opened up the potential for garments relevant to defense, sports, medicine, and health monitoring. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the key innovative pathways in the development of electronic textiles to date using sources available in the public domain regarding electronic textiles (E-textiles); this includes academic literature, commercialized products, and published patents. The literature shows that electronics can be integrated into textiles, where integration is achieved by either attaching the electronics onto the surface of a textile, electronics are added at the textile manufacturing stage, or electronics are incorporated at the yarn stage. Methods of integration can have an influence on the textiles properties such as the drapability of the textile

Therapeutic modalities for central nervous system involvement by granulocytic sarcoma (chloroma) in children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.

Four cases of central nervous system involvement by granulocytic sarcoma (three intracranial and one paraspinal) in children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (FAB M1 or M2 subtype) are presented, and therapeutic modalities are discussed. All tumors were noted at initial presentation with diagnosis being made on clinical and radiological findings without biopsy. All patients had karyotypic abnormalities: three had translocation of chromosomes 8 and 21, and one had an unspecified hypodiploid clone. The three patients who developed intracranial tumors responded well to triple agent (cytosine arabinoside, hydrocortisone, and methotrexate) intrathecal chemotherapy and systemic chemotherapy, with or without local irradiation, as evidenced by rapid disappearance of the tumors. Two children are disease-free after 17 and 57 months. One patient with paraspinal tumor failed to achieve a systemic remission but had no evidence of granulocytic sarcoma at autopsy. Thus, the prognosis of CNS granulocytic sarcoma is not uniformly gloomy if treated aggressively by combined modalities. The value of surgical intervention in terms of primary management, however, is limited

Exploring community pharmacists' use of health literacy interventions in their everyday practice.

BACKGROUND: Limited health literacy often results in people inadequately understanding medicines-related information and subsequently not taking medicines as prescribed. Using health literacy interventions is important for community pharmacists, as they are increasingly managing long-term conditions. However, there appear to be no previous studies of community pharmacists' everyday use of health literacy interventions in the UK. OBJECTIVES: To explore UK community pharmacists' perspectives on the usability of health literacy interventions in their everyday practice. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants, following attendance at health literacy training that included practicing the use of four health literacy interventions (Teach-Back, Chunk and Check, Simple Language and visual aids) and two months experience of attempting to use them in their everyday practice. Participants were pharmacists from community pharmacies in Staffordshire, England who were invited to participate by an email sent to the pharmacy. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using the Framework Analysis technique. RESULTS: Four themes emerged from 11 interviews undertaken: intervention appeal, limitations, adaptations and continued use. Participants reported using all four health literacy interventions in their everyday practice but Teach-Back appeared to be favoured most. Most participants talked about practicing Teach-Back before using it with patients but described it as useable with patients of all ages, without being prohibitively time consuming. Chunk and Check seemed to be viewed as a type of Teach-Back, whilst visual aids were reported as being used in conjunction with Teach Back rather than as a standalone intervention. Participants reported that Simple Language was an easy concept but easily 'slipped back' into medical jargon and were challenged to use simple enough words. All participants said they would continue to use all four health literacy interventions. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that with training, community pharmacists can successfully incorporate these four health literacy interventions into their everyday practice

The effect of an emollient containing urea, ceramide NP, and lactate on skin barrier structure and function in older people with dry skin

Xerosis affects up to 75% of older people and develops as a result of a skin barrier defect. Emollients are widely used to treat xerosis; however, there is limited understanding of the differences between them and their effects on the skin barrier in older people. This study aimed to compare the effect of a commercially available emollient containing 5% urea, ceramide NP and lactate (test emollient) to an alternative emollient without these additives (control emollient) on the properties of the skin barrier in older people. Two cohorts of 21 volunteers aged 60+ years with dry skin were recruited. The first applied the test emollient to one forearm and no treatment to the other for 28-days. The second compared the test emollient to the control emollient observing the same parameters. Effects on the skin barrier were determined by measuring skin barrier function, hydration, skin surface pH and by analyzing FTIR spectra before and after treatment. A third cohort of 6 young adults was recruited to investigate the effect of a single treatment with the test emollient on the molecular structure of the skin barrier at greater depths by employing the tape-stripping technique. The test emollient hydrated the skin to a significantly greater extent and for a longer period of time compared to the control emollient, an effect associated with a significant elevation of carboxylate groups (a marker of NMF content) within the stratum corneum. Furthermore, the test emollient imparted additional benefits to the structure and function of the skin barrier not exhibited by the control emollient. In conclusion the test emollient addressed the pathological features of xerotic aged skin, supporting its use as first-line therapy for xerotic skin conditions in this population

Automated synthesis of radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography: an apparatus for labelling with [11C] methyl iodide (MIASA)

A fully automated apparatus for the routine synthesis and formulation of short-lived 11C (t1/2 = 20 min) labelled radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET) has been developed. [11C]Carbon dioxide is converted to [11C]methyl iodide, which can be used to label a wide variety of substrates by methylation at C, N, O, or S electron rich centres. The apparatus, MIASA (methyl iodide automated synthesis apparatus), was designed to operate as part of an automated labelling system in a shielded ‘hot’ laboratory. The apparatus was designed without the size constraints of typical instrumentation used in hot cells, although it is compact where necessary. Ample use of indicators and sensors, together with compact design of the reaction flasks for small dead space and efficient evaporation, led to good reliability and performance. The design of the hardware and software is described in this paper, together with a preparation of 3-N-[11C]methylspiperone as a sterile injectable solution in physiological saline

Modern therapies in atopic dermatitis: biologics and small molecule drugs

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a frequent, chronic remittent skin disease. The pathophysiology of AD has been increasingly understood within the last years, which may help to identify different endotypes suitable for defined therapies in the future. A patient-oriented therapy considers phenotypical features in addition to genetic and biological markers. The most recent developments in biologics and small-molecule drugs for AD treatment are presented in this article. These molecules, if approved, could change the perspectives for future therapies. Dupilumab is the first approved biologic for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in adolescence and adulthood and has led to a significant improvement in the treatment of this chronic disease. In the present article we present real-life data on the efficacy of dupilumab in adult dermatitis patients. We also discuss other data relevant to the use of dupilumab, and address open questions important for the standard care of atopic dermatitis patients

Recommendations from a European Roundtable Meeting on Best Practice Healthy Infant Skin Care

Background European roundtable meeting recommendations on bathing and cleansing of infants were published in 2009; a second meeting was held to update and expand these recommendations in light of new evidence and the continued need to address uncertainty surrounding this aspect of routine care. Methods The previous roundtable recommendations concerning infant cleansing, bathing, and use of liquid cleansers were critically reviewed and updated and the quality of evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. New recommendations were developed to provide guidance on diaper care and the use of emollients. A series of recommendations was formulated to characterize the attributes of ideal liquid cleansers, wipes, and emollients. Results Newborn bathing can be performed without harming the infant, provided basic safety procedures are followed. Water alone or appropriately designed liquid cleansers can be used during bathing without impairing the skin maturation process. The diaper area should be kept clean and dry; from birth, the diaper area may be gently cleansed with cotton balls/squares and water or by using appropriately designed wipes. Appropriately formulated emollients can be used to maintain and enhance skin barrier function. Appropriately formulated baby oils can be applied for physiologic (transitory) skin dryness and in small quantities to the bath. Baby products that are left on should be formulated to buffer and maintain babies’ skin surface at approximately pH 5.5, and the formulations and their constituent ingredients should have undergone an extensive program of safety testing. Formulations should be effectively preserved; products containing harsh surfactants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, should be avoided. Conclusion Health care professionals can use these recommendations as the basis of their advice to parents

Topical oils for the prevention or treatment of dry skin in term infants [Withdrawn]

This protocol has been withdrawn as it has not progressed to a full review in 5 years. A new title with the Cochrane Skin group, "Skin care interventions in infants for preventing eczema and food allergy" will supersede this protocol