Effect of surface finishing such as sand-blasting and CrAlN hard coatings on the cutting edge’s peeling tools’ wear resistance

The authors would like to thank IonBond (Chassieu-France) who made the sand-blasting treatments and the Regional Council of Burgundy and CTBA (Wood and Furniture Technical Centre) for their financial support.The aim of this study is first to define the effect of a surface finishing such as sand-blasting on the geometry of a wood cutting tool and its wear resistance. In addition, the effectiveness of surface coatings like CrAlN deposited by physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique on conventional and sand-blasted cutting edges was studied. A reference tool and different sand-blasted ones were tested by micro-peeling of beech in a laboratory. Microscopic observations, cutting forces measurement and cutting wear tests were carried out to quantify the behavior of these tools. The results obtained showed that the artificial wear by sandblasting leads to an increase in the wear resistance and coating effectiveness, and completely changes the type of damage done to the tools. The sand-blasting application combined or not with CrAlN coating showed an improvement in the wear resistance of the tools and a modification of the forces during the peeling process. The effectiveness of the CrAlN layers was improved thanks to the sand-blasting treatment and then the duplex ones performed better.Regional Council of Burgundy CTBA (Wood and Furniture Technical Centre

Application of CrAlN coatings on carbide substrates in routing of MDF

This study deals with the development of Chromium Aluminium Nitride (CrAlN) hard coatings (by varying the nitrogen content in the plasma, the target bias voltage, the working pressure and the deposition time) and their characterization by physical and mechanical techniques (XRD, nanoindentation, Young’s modulus, stress, scratch-test, composition, etc.) in order to determine the optimal deposition conditions to apply the coatings to carbide substrates. Moreover, in order to improve the adhesion of the same optimal hard coatings and as it was efficient with Diamond Like Carbon (DLC) coatings, we tried to modify the carbide inserts by chemical attacks with Murakami’s agent before machining. The coated tools (with and without Murakami’s attack) were then tested in routing of Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF). A comparison of the abrasion and shock resistance of the conventional tools with the treated ones, was made. The efficiency of Murakami’s agent was also studied. It was obvious that the coated carbide tools had greater tool life than the untreated ones. Besides, Murakami’s attack was not optimized or not a solution to improve the adhesion of nitride coatings on carbide inserts.Regional Council of Burgundy ISOROY Franc

La réalité socio-culturelle de la mixité franco-étrangère. Analyse de données statistiques d’une enquête auprès de primo-arrivants

À partir de l’enquête « Parcours et profils des migrants récemment arrivés ou régularisés en France » (DREES, 2006), la catégorie des couples franco-étrangers a été réinterrogée du point de vue des migrants. Une typologie distinguant les conjoints français en fonction de leurs liens à l’immigration montre que 32,2 % de ces migrants sont en couple avec des Français nés en France, de parents nés en France, 26,9 % le sont avec des Français nés en France de parents nés à l’étranger et 28,6 % avec des Français nés à l’étranger de parents nés à l’étranger. À travers le mariage, les Français issus de l’immigration maintiennent les liens avec leur pays d’origine ou celui de leurs parents, leur intégration se réalisant au fil des générations. En examinant les circonstances et lieux de rencontre, le statut matrimonial et l’écart d’âge, d’autres spécificités ont été observées. Dans le premier type, le conjoint français se met en couple avec un conjoint étranger de manière délibérée ; dans les deux autres types, le conjoint français (issu de l’immigration) se rapproche des pratiques culturelles du pays d’origine du conjoint étranger (rôle de la famille et écart d’âge).Data borrowed from the survey “Parcours et profils des migrants récemment arrivés ou régularisés en France” (Life course and profiles of migrants recently arrived and legalised in France) (DREES, 2006), gave us the opportunity to revisit the category of French-foreign couples from the migrants’ point of view. A typology distinguishing the French spouses according to their own relation to immigration shows that 32.2% of the live with a French person born in France, whose parents were also born in France, 26.9% with a French citizen born in France whose parents were born abroad and 28.6% have a foreign-born French partner whose parents were also born abroad. Through marriage, French individuals of immigrant descent maintain ties with their or their parents’ country of origin; the integration process is accomplished over generations. Studying the circumstances prevailing at the couples’ encounter, their marital status and age differences, other features were also observed. While in the first type, the French spouse deliberately seeks out a foreign spouse, in the two other cases, the French person (of immigrant descent) comes closer to the cultural practices of the country of origin of the foreign partner (role of family and age difference).Basándose en los datos de la encuesta «Parcours et profils des migrants récemment arrivés ou régularisés en France» (Recorridos y perfiles de los migrantes recientemente llegados o regularizados en Francia) (DREES, 2006), la categoría de las parejas franco-extranjeras ha sido nuevamente interrogada desde el punto de vista de los migrantes. Una tipología que distingue a los cónyuges franceses en función de sus vínculos con la inmigración muestra que el 32,2% de estos migrantes está en pareja con franceses nacidos en Francia de padres nacidos en Francia, el 26,9% con franceses nacidos en Francia de padres nacidos en el extranjero y el 28,6% con franceses nacidos en el extranjero de padres nacidos en el extranjero. A través del matrimonio, los franceses provenientes de la inmigración mantienen vínculos con su país de origen o con el de sus padres, realizándose su integración a los largo de las generaciones. Analizando las circunstancias y los lugares de encuentro, el estatus matrimonial y la diferencia de edad, se han observado otras particularidades. Dentro del primer tipo, el cónyuge francés busca un cónyuge extranjero de manera deliberada, mientras que para los dos otros tipos, los franceses provenientes de la inmigración mantienen más las prácticas culturales del país de origen de los cónyuges extranjeros (rol de la familia y diferencia de edad)

Effect of the sand-blasting of edge peeling tools on the cutting forces and wear resistance

One of the major problems concerning tools of wood industry is nicks occurrence on the cutting edge. This phenomenon is accentuated by the small tool angle of most of the wood machining tools. The aim of this present study is to look if the geometry modifications of the cutting edge permit to decrease the weakness of the tools, especially in peeling process. For this, different sand-blasted tools were tested in laboratory peeling of beech. In addition, the adhesion of CrAlN hard coating deposited on a modified cutting edge was also explored. The results obtained showed that the artificial wear by sand-blasting permits to increase the shocks resistance, coatings anchoring and changes the wear mechanism of the tools.Regional Council of Burgundy, CTBA and IonBond Franc

Effect of the sand-blasting of edge peeling tools on the cutting forces and wear resistance

One of the major problems concerning tools of wood industry is nicks occurrence on the cutting edge. This phenomenon is accentuated by the small tool angle of most of the wood machining tools. The aim of this present study is to look if the geometry modifications of the cutting edge permit to decrease the weakness of the tools, especially in peeling process. For this, different sand-blasted tools were tested in laboratory peeling of beech. In addition, the adhesion of CrAlN hard coating deposited on a modified cutting edge was also explored. The results obtained showed that the artificial wear by sand-blasting permits to increase the shocks resistance, coatings anchoring and changes the wear mechanism of the tools.Regional Council of Burgundy, CTBA and IonBond Franc

Intentional overdose with insulin: prognostic factors and toxicokinetic/toxicodynamic profiles

International audienc

Impact of residential wood burning on indoor air quality

International audienceThis study aims at characterizing indoor air quality in single family dwellings burning wood regularly, studying the air change rate during wood burning and analyzing impact on outdoor air. Field investigations were performed, in February and November 2007, in six occupied houses located in rural areas (two equipped with an opened fireplace, two with respectively an old closed fireplace and a recent one, and two with respectively an old woodstove and a recent one). Continuous measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were performed in the room equipped with the wood burning appliance. Moreover in this room and in the main bedroom, PM10 and PM2.5, PAHs (on PM10 fraction), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, ketones, and tracers of wood combustion such as levoglucosan and methoxyphenols on PM10 fraction, were also measured. Air exchange rates and building permeability were characterized through different means

Osteoporosis-Pseudoglioma in a Mauritanian Child due to a Novel Mutation in LRP5

Osteoporosis-pseudoglioma (OPPG) syndrome is a very rare autosomal recessive disorder, caused by mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene. It manifests by severe juvenile osteoporosis with congenital or infancy-onset visual loss. We describe a case of OPPG due to novel mutation in LRP5 gene, occurring in a female Mauritanian child. This 10-year-old female child was born blind, and after then multiple fragility fractures appeared. PCR amplification and sequencing revealed a novel homozygous nonsense mutation in exon 10 of the LRP5 gene (c.2270G>A; pTrP757⁎); this mutation leads to the production of a truncated protein containing 757 amino acids instead of 1615, located in the third β-propeller domain of the LRP5 protein. Both parents were heterozygous for the mutation. This is the first case of the OPPG described in black Africans, which broadens the spectrum of LRP5 gene mutations in OPPG

Evaluation of bone density and microarchitecture in adult patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets:A pilot longitudinal study

X-linked Hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the most common type of inherited rickets. Although the clinical features are well characterized, bone structure, mineralization, and biomechanical properties are poorly known. Our aim was to analyze bone properties in the appendicular and axial skeleton of adults with XLH. In this observational case-control study, each affected patient (N = 14; 9 females; age 50 ± 15 years) was matched by sex, age and body mass index to a minimum of two healthy controls (N = 34). Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) analyses revealed that areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was higher in XLH patients at the lumbar spine (Z score mean difference = +2.47 SD, P value = 1.4 × 10 -3). Trabecular Bone Score was also higher at the lumbar spine (P value = 1.0 × 10 -4). High Resolution peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (HRpQCT) demonstrated that bone cross-sectional area was larger at the distal radius (P value = 6 × 10 -3). Total and trabecular volumetric BMD were lower at both sites. Trabecular bone volume fraction was also lower with fewer trabecular numbers at both sites. However, bone strength evaluated by micro-finite element analyzes revealed unaffected bone stiffness and maximum failure load. Evaluation of bone mineralization with aBMD by DXA at the distal radius correlated with vBMD by HRpQCT measurements at both sites. PTH levels were inversely correlated with trabecular vBMD and BV/TV at the tibia. We then followed a subset of nine patients (median follow-up of 4 years) and reassessed HRpQCT. At the tibia, we observed a greater decrease than expected from an age and sex standardized normal population in total and cortical vBMD as well as a trabecularization of the cortical compartment. In conclusion, in adult patients with XLH, bone mineral density is high at the axial skeleton but low at the appendicular skeleton. With time, microarchitectural alterations worsen. We propose that noninvasive evaluation methods of bone mineralization such as DXA including the radius should be part of the management of XLH patients. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the clinical significance of BMD changes in XLH patients under conventional or targeted therapies. </p

Inflammatory Potential of Four Different Phases of Calcium Pyrophosphate Relies on NF-κB Activation and MAPK Pathways

Background: Calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) microcrystal deposition is associated with wide clinical phenotypes, including acute and chronic arthritis, that are interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-driven. Two CPP microcrystals, namely monoclinic and triclinic CPP dihydrates (m- and t-CPPD), have been identified in human tissues in different proportions according to clinical features. m-CPP tetrahydrate beta (m-CPPTβ) and amorphous CPP (a-CPP) phases are considered as m- and t-CPPD crystal precursors in vitro.Objectives: We aimed to decipher the inflammatory properties of the three crystalline phases and one amorphous CPP phase and the intracellular pathways involved.Methods: The four synthesized CPP phases and monosodium urate crystals (MSU, as a control) were used in vitro to stimulate the human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cell line or bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) isolated from WT or NLRP3 KO mice. The gene expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated by quantitative PCR; IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 production by ELISA; and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation by immunoblot analysis. NF-κB activation was determined in THP-1 cells containing a reporter plasmid. In vivo, the inflammatory potential of CPP phases was assessed with the murine air pouch model via cell analysis and production of IL-1β and CXCL1 in the exudate. The role of NF-κB was determined by a pharmacological approach, both in vivo and in vitro.Results:In vitro, IL-1β production induced by m- and t-CPPD and m-CPPTβ crystals was NLRP3 inflammasome dependent. m-CPPD crystals were the most inflammatory by inducing a faster and higher production and gene expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 than t-CPPD, m-CPPTβ and MSU crystals. The a-CPP phase did not show an inflammatory property. Accordingly, m-CPPD crystals led to stronger activation of NF-κB, p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) MAPKs. Inhibition of NF-κB completely abrogated IL-1β and IL-8 synthesis and secretion induced by all CPP crystals. Also, inhibition of JNK and ERK1/2 MAPKs decreased both IL-1β secretion and NF-κB activation induced by CPP crystals. In vivo, IL-1β and CXCL1 production and neutrophil infiltration induced by m-CPPD crystals were greatly decreased by NF-κB inhibitor treatment.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the inflammatory potential of different CPP crystals relies on their ability to activate the MAPK-dependent NF-κB pathway. Studies are ongoing to investigate the underlying mechanisms