178 research outputs found
Chronobiology and Chronotherapy of Affective Disorders
Circadian rhythms are recurring cycles across a range of behavioural, physiological and cognitive domains that display periods of approximately twenty four hours and are generated by an endogenous circadian timing system. In this review we examine the evidence that circadian rhythms are disrupted in affective disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder and seasonal affective disorder, and examine what the nature of such circadian dysfunction may be. Further, we examine the evidence that chronotherapeutic interventions (both behavioural and pharmacological) that address underlying abnormalities of circadian phase in patients with affective disorders may produce rapid onset and long-lasting symptom relief. We conclude that there is promising data in the literature to support the utility of drawing on a considerable body of neuroscientific knowledge of circadian clock fundamentals to design and implement chronotherapeutic interventions in major affective disorders, but that there is also a need for a more systematic approach involving larger scale studies
Editorial: Special Issue: circadian rhythms, clock genes and neuropsychiatry: interesting times
Circadian rhythms are cycles in physiological, behavioural,
psychological and other domains that recur approximately
every 24 h. Such rhythms are driven by an endogenous
circadian timekeeping system, whose molecular basis
consists of the interlocking transcription and translation of
a panel of "clock" genes, the expression of which then
regulates gene expression and cellular function in a tissuespecific
manner. Such rhythmic expression of clock genes
is observed in most tissues, including the master circadian
pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus,
other CNS sites and peripheral organs. Therefore,
the circadian system exerts considerable control over
physiology and behaviour, and equally dysfunction of this
circadian system may result in detrimental pathophysiological
and psychopathological consequences
Editorial: Special Issue: circadian rhythms, clock genes and neuropsychiatry: interesting times
Circadian rhythms are cycles in physiological, behavioural,
psychological and other domains that recur approximately
every 24 h. Such rhythms are driven by an endogenous
circadian timekeeping system, whose molecular basis
consists of the interlocking transcription and translation of
a panel of "clock" genes, the expression of which then
regulates gene expression and cellular function in a tissuespecific
manner. Such rhythmic expression of clock genes
is observed in most tissues, including the master circadian
pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus,
other CNS sites and peripheral organs. Therefore,
the circadian system exerts considerable control over
physiology and behaviour, and equally dysfunction of this
circadian system may result in detrimental pathophysiological
and psychopathological consequences
A Cross-Sectional Study of the Associations between Chronotype, Social Jetlag and Subjective Sleep Quality in Healthy Adults
Social jetlag, a mismatch between internal biological time and social schedules, and a later timing of the midpoint of sleep on work-free days as an indicator of the circadian phase of entrainment (late chronotype), may be factors associated with poor quality sleep. This study examined the association of social jetlag and chronotype with subjective sleep quality ratings in a healthy young adult cohort and interrogated the moderating effects of sex and age on these associations. A total of 1322 participants aged 18 to 40 completed the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. Later timing of midsleep on “free” days (an indicator of chronotype) had a small-to-medium association with poorer subjective sleep quality, independently of sex and age (rho = 0.212, P < 0.001). Greater social jetlag had a small association with poorer subjective sleep quality ratings (rho = 0.077), and this effect was moderated by sex with there being a relationship between social jetlag and sleep quality only in males. Social jetlag did not mediate the relationship between chronotype and sleep quality. These results indicate differential relationships of the chronotype and social jetlag with subjective sleep quality and indicate that sex is a moderating factor for sleep quality’s relationship with social jetlag, but not for the association between sleep quality and chronotype
Sleep Beliefs, Subjective Sleep Quality and Diurnal Preference – Findings from Depressed Patients
This study evaluated the relationship between dysfunctional sleep beliefs, circadian typology and self-reported sleep quality and insomnia. We assessed these parameters both in healthy controls and patients with depression. One hundred eighty six subjects were assessed and completed measures of sleep beliefs, sleep disturbance, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, depressive symptoms and circadian typology. We found that sleep beliefs are slightly linked with the subjective sleep quality, but with neither the diurnal preference, nor the self-reported insomnia
Self-Reported Diurnal Preference and Sleep Disturbance in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Background. Previous sleep studies
suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus is
associated with poor quality of sleep and
sleep disorders.
Aim. To evaluate sleep parameters
and diurnal preference in type 2 diabetic
patients, using a questionnaire.
Methods. Ninety seven patients (aged
55.8±8.3, sex ratio 1:1), previously diagnosed
with type 2 diabetes mellitus, together with
102 controls (aged 47.1±10.5, sex ratio 1:1),
without diabetes, completed a questionnaire
containing the Romanian translation of the
Composite Scale of Morningness, the Sleep
Disorders Questionnaire, the Pittsburgh Sleep
Quality Index, the Pittsburgh Insomnia Rating
Scale, the Multidimensional Fatigue
Inventory, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, the
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and
the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI). The
study was cross-sectional, as we included
subjects from outpatient and inpatient
facilities. The recruitment process was based
on handing invitation letters to patients
consulting their physician, as well as to their
acquaintances, using the snowball sampling.
Participation was voluntary and anonymous
Residents’ clinical empathy: gender and specialty comparisons - a Romanian study
Objective. To measure and examine medical residents’ (junior
doctors) empathy and to compare psychiatry residents’
empathy with that of other specialties. Participants and
Methods. A translated version of Jefferson Scale of Physician
Empathy for Practising Health Professionals was administered
to 112 Romanian residents. Results. 60 residents in psychiatry
and 52 in other specialities completed the questionnaire.
Statistically significant differences were found between
male and female counterparts, and between psychiatrists and
residents in other specialities. Conclusions. Male doctors
seemed to be less empathic compared to female ones. Psychiatry
was the most empathic medical specialty
Effects of societal-level COVID-19 mitigation measures on the timing and quality of sleep in Ireland
Objectives
Under usual circumstances, sleep timing is strongly influenced by societal imperatives. The sweeping whole-of-society measures introduced in response to the COVID-19 pandemic may represent a unique opportunity to examine the impact of large-scale changes in work practices on sleep timing. As such, we examined the impact of the travel restrictions and work from home orders imposed in Ireland in March 2020 on sleep timing and quality.
Methods
We utilized a cross-sectional survey deployed shortly after the imposition of restrictions which assessed current and retrospective ratings of sleep timing and quality; the final response set analysed was from 797 adults. Participants completed the ultra-short Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index, and answered questions pertaining to work status such as working from home during the period of restrictions.
Results and conclusion
There was a significant shift to later sleep start and end times, as well as delayed time of midsleep on both work and free days, during the period of restrictions. Sleep duration was longer for work days, while free day sleep duration was shorter and there was a reduction in social jetlag during the restrictions. Those who worked from home during restrictions had longer sleep duration on work day and had a significantly larger difference in sleep end on work day than “essential” workers who continued to attend their normal place of work
Sleep disturbances and circadian CLOCK genes in borderline personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterised
by a deep-reaching pattern of affective instability,
incoherent identity, self-injury, suicide attempts, and disturbed
interpersonal relations and lifestyle. The daily
activities of BPD patients are often chaotic and disorganized,
with patients often staying up late while sleeping
during the day. These behavioural patterns suggest that
altered circadian rhythms may be associated with BPD.
Furthermore, BPD patients frequently report suffering from
sleep disturbances. In this review, we overview the evidence
that circadian rhythms and sleep are disturbed in
BPD, and we explore the possibility that personality traits
that are pertinent for BPD may be associated with circadian
typology, and perhaps to circadian genotypes. With regards
to sleep architecture, we review the evidence that BPD
patients display altered non-REM and REM sleep. A possible
cue to a deeper understanding of this temporal dysregulation
might be an analysis of the circadian clock at the
molecular and cellular level, as well as behavioural studies using actigraphy and we suggest avenues for further
exploration of these factors
A Data-Informed Perspective on Public Preferences for Retaining or Abolishing Biannual Clock Changes
Scientific, public, and political discourse around the perennial changing of the clocks during the transitions into and out of daylight saving time (DST) is a touchstone issue for the translation of fundamental chronobiology into societal impacts. The Society for Research on Biological Rhythms, along with other sleep science bodies, has issued a position statement that advocates for the abolition of the biannual clock changes and the adoption of permanent standard time for the optimization of population circadian health. However, there is a paucity of data on preexisting public perceptions and preferences with regard to these issues. In this perspective, we examine 5 issues that we believe are pertinent for chronobiologists to consider to enable effective advocacy on these policies; in particular, we discuss public preference for permanent DST and steps that may need to be taken to understand this preference. We inform our discussion with reference to cross-sectional studies we undertook in Spring 2020 and Fall 2019, around the transition out of and into DST Ireland. We conclude that there appears to be a gap between existing public perceptions and preferences around the clock changes and chronobiological and sleep science-informed positions, and that the chronobiology community may benefit from interdisciplinary collaboration with colleagues with specific social sciences expertise to most effectively advocate for these research-informed positions
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