Experimental measurements of CO2 solubility in salt solutions at high temperatures and high pressures

International audienc

Experimental Measurements of Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Na–Ca–K–Cl Solutions at High Temperatures and Pressures up to 20 MPa

International audienceExperimental CO 2 solubility data in brine at high pressures and high temperatures are needed in different technologies such as carbon dioxide storage or geothermal process. A lot of data have been acquired in single-salt solutions, whereas data for mixed-salt solutions remain scarce. In this study, new carbon dioxide solubility data in salt solutions have been measured. Two synthetic brines have been studied at 323, 373, and 423 K from 1 to 20 MPa. The brine 1 is composed of a mixture of NaCl and CaCl 2 and the brine 2 is made from a mixture of NaCl, CaCl 2 , and KCl. Measurements have been carried out by conductimetric titration. In this study, 6 isotherms presenting 48 new solubility data have been reported. These results have been obtained in an original range of temperature, pressure, and salinity. In these conditions of temperature and pressure, we verified that an increase of the temperature or the salinity involves a decrease of the CO 2 solubility. On the other hand, an increase of the pressure implies an increase of the CO 2 solubility. Then, the obtained results were compared with the values calculated using PhreeSCALE and PSUCO2 models. The comparison between experimental and calculated values revealed a good agreement

Experimental Studies of solubility of Elemental Sulphur in Supercritical Nitrogen

International audienc

Experimental study of solubility of elemental sulphur in methane

International audienceThe chemical engineering department of LaTEP has been working for many years on theproblem of sulphur deposition especially in natural gas network [1, 2]. The solid sulphurappears immediately downstream of a pressure reduction facility. One of the hypothesesproposed to explain the solid formation, based on a thermodynamic approach, is thedesublimation of sulphur. During gas expansion, both pressure and temperature decrease.Consequently the gas may become over saturated in sulphur. Because we are below thetemperature of sulphur triple point, part of the gaseous sulphur can be transformed into solidparticles. Thus, it is important to obtain solubility data of sulphur in natural gases. Methane isthe major natural gas component. So, it is of importance to measure solubility of elementalsulphur in CH4. In this paper experimental measurements up to a pressure and temperature of30 MPA and 363.15 K are presented.The principle of the experimental pilot can be resumed following three steps: saturationof the gas with sulphur, trap of all the dissolved gaseous sulphur and finally quantification.Although the principle is simple, experimental difficulties occur at the three steps. A variablevolume equilibrium cell is used to saturate the gas with sulphur. Since sulphur solubility valueis weak in gas transport conditions, the volume of the cell is necessarily big (0.5 Litre). Thepressure of the equilibrium cell is held constant thanks to a piston during the trapping step. Anoriginal gaseous sulphur trapping method was developed. It is based on the reactiveabsorption of the gaseous sulphur with solvent. Indeed, the gas bubbles into a liquid solutionwhich traps gaseous sulphur. Finally, the solution which contains a standard is analysed bygas chromatography and sulphur is quantified. The total volume of the gas withdrawn isdetermined by a position transducer placed on the autoclave. Then, the sulphur solubilityvalue is calculated

La boîte à l'enchanteur

Louis XI (1461-1483) est l'un des rois de France les plus connus du Moyen Àge, mais sa politique financière n'avait encore fait l'objet d'aucune étude globale. Or, son règne marqua une étape cruciale de la construction de l'État moderne avec la pérennisation de l'impôt, au lendemain de la guerre de Cent Ans qui l'avait fait accepter comme une nécessité temporaire. D'autre part, connaître les moyens mis en œuvre par ce roi pour financer son action permet de mieux comprendre ses succès et ses échecs : par là, l'histoire des finances et des institutions rejoint la « grande histoire ». S'appuyant sur la législation royale et les archives fiscales et comptables, mais aussi sur la correspondance de Louis XI et les témoignages de ses contemporains, l'enquête remonte des débuts des finances modernes à l'œuvre de son père et à sa propre formation avant de suivre l'interaction entre les événements et ses choix financiers tout au long d'un règne riche en péripéties. Le bilan de cette analyse chronologique est dressé dans une synthèse finale qui décrit les ressorts d'une stratégie de prélèvement et de redistribution tout entière au service d'une volonté politique. En montrant le fonctionnement de l'État royal dans le jeu de ses rouages internes comme dans ses rapports avec la société française ou les autres puissances, cette approche contribue à éclairer un épisode majeur de l'Histoire de France.Louis XI (1461-1483) is one of the most famous kings of medieval France. Yet a comprehensive study has never before been made of his financial policy, despite the fact that his reign marked a key step in the construction of the modern State when taxes were made permanent after the Hundred Years War, which had managed to introduce them as a temporary necessity. Knowing how Louis XI funded his action also explains his successes and failures more clearly. Here, the history of finance and institutions joins mainstream history. This study draws on royal legislation, tax and accounting archives, Louis XI’s correspondence, and contemporaries’ accounts to trace the story back from the beginnings of modern finance to his father’s work and his own training. It then follows the interaction between events and his financial choices throughout his eventful reign. The author draws his own conclusions about this chronological analysis in a final summary, which describes the reasoning behind an entire taxation and redistribution strategy put to work for a political purpose. By showing how the royal State works, from its inner workings to its relations with French society and other powers, this approach sheds light on a major chapter in the history of France.A pesar de ser uno de los reyes franceses más conocidos de la Edad Media, la política financiera de Luis XI (1461-1483) no había sido objeto de ningún estudio global. Su reinado no obstante supuso una etapa crucial en la construcción del Estado moderno, con la institucionalización definitiva del impuesto tras el fin de la Guerra de los Cien Años que lo había hecho aceptar como una necesidad temporal. Por otra parte, el conocimiento de los medios puestos en acción por este rey con el fin de financiar sus actuaciones posibilita una mejor comprensión de sus éxitos y sus fracasos: en este sentido, la historia de las finanzas y las instituciones converge con la Historia con mayúscula. Basándose en la legislación real y los archivos fiscales y contables así como en la correspondencia de Luis XI y los testimonios de sus coetáneos, la investigación remonta desde los inicios de las finanzas modernas hasta la labor de su padre y su propia formación antes de ahondar en la interacción entre los hechos y sus decisiones financieras a lo largo de un reinado pródigo en peripecias. El balance de este análisis cronológico queda recogido en una síntesis final que describe los resortes de una estrategia de recaudación y redistribución enteramente al servicio de una voluntad política. Mostrando el funcionamiento del Estado real tanto en el juego de engranajes internos como en sus relaciones con la sociedad francesa y las demás potencias, esta aproximación contribuye a arrojar luz sobre un episodio crucial de la Historia de Francia.Le Comité pour l'histoire économique et financière est présidé par le ministre de l'Économie, des Finances et de l'Industrie, son vice-président est Maurice Lévy-Leboyer. a. Commission administrative : Les directeurs et chefs de service du ministère de l'Économie, des Finances et de l'Industrie, le gouverneur de la Banque de France, le directeur général des Archives de France, le président de la Bibliothèque de France, le président de l'Imprimerie nationale. b. Commission scientifique : Michel Aglietta, Louis Amigues, Agnès d'Angio, Michel Antoine, Guy Antonetti, Jean-Charles Asselain, Françoise Bayard, Louis Bergeron, Jean-Jacques Bienvenu, Christian de Boissieu, Eric Bussière, Jacques Campet, François Caron, Philippe Contamine, Robert Frank, Patrick Fridenson, René Girault (t), Jean-Noël Jeanneney, Jean Kerhervé, Michel Lescure, Maurice Lévy-Leboyer, Michel Margairaz, Jacques Marseille, Yves Mény, François Monnier, Gabriel Montagnier, Alain Plessis, Raymond Poidevin (+), Albert Rigaudière, Guy Thuillier, Jean Tulard, Denis Woronoff. La mission du Comité est de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de l'histoire de l'État et de son rôle en matière économique et financière depuis le Moyen Âge jusqu'à nos jours, de susciter des travaux scientifiques et d'en aider la diffusion. A mon père, hussard noir de la République, qui m'a donné le goût de l'Histoire et bien davantage

Experimental study of the liquid-vapour equilibriums of the system Water-CO2-O2-NOx under pressure

ACTInternational audienc

Etude expérimentale des équilibres liquide-vapeur du système H2O-CO2-NOx-SOx sous pression

ACTNational audienc

Experimental Measurement of CO2 Solubility in Aqueous NaCl Solution at Temperature from 323.15 to 423.15 K and Pressure of up to 20 MPa

ACLInternational audienceInterest in CO2 solubility in brine at high pressure and high temperature has grown in the last few decades. Solubility data are especially important in petroleum geology, carbon capture and geological storage, and geothermal reservoir engineering. Nevertheless, for the CO2 + NaCl + H2O system there are fewer solubility data available in literature, particularly at high salt molality. A high-pressure experimental device was designed to perform measurements for carbon dioxide solubility in a complex aqueous solution. The apparatus was first validated from experiment on the CO2-pure water system at 323.15 K by comparison with literature data. Thirty-six new experimental solubility data point were obtained in the pressure range between 5 and 20 MPa at three temperatures (323.15, 373.15, and 423.15 K) and at three molalities of NaCl (1, 3, and 6 moles per kilogram of water). Solubility measurements were obtained by potentiometric titration after sample trapping in a sodium hydroxide solution. The experimental solubility data generated in this work were consistent with literature data, and four original isotherms were obtained at high salinity. \textcopyright 2016 American Chemical Society

Experimental Measurement of CO2 Solubility in Aqueous CaCl2 Solution at Temperature from 323.15 to 423.15 K and Pressure up to 20 MPa Using the Conductometric Titration

ACLInternational audienceIn the framework of the efforts of the scientific community developed for the reduction of CO2 emissions, the geological storage of CO2 in deep saline aquifers is under focus. An increase of salinity decreases the potential of CO2 solubilization into the water. In salty waters, the salinity is not only due to NaCl but also to others ions and in particular Ca and Mg. Experimental solubility data of CO2 in calcium chloride solution available in the literature at conditions relevant to carbon storage are particularly scarce. In this work, a new analytical method was developed for experimental measurement of CO2 solubility in calcium chloride solutions (1, 3, and 6 mol/kg) at high pressures (5-20 MPa) and temperatures (323.15, 373.15, and 423.15 K). This method is based on conductometric titration coupled with classical pH titration. The conductimetry shows sharper curves than the pH titration allowing a higher precision. Thirty-six new experimental data are reported in this paper. These data presented an experimental average uncertainty of 2.1% with the ANOVA calculation method based on repeatability and reproducibility experiments. The CO2 solubility in CaCl2 solutions is noticeable lower than in NaCl solution increasing the salting out effect. Considering our previous work on NaCl solutions and this paper for CaCl2 solutions, estimations of the real quantity of CO2 that may be dissolved in saline aquifers can be made with a significantly better precision

A review of sulfide minerals microbially assisted leaching in stirred tank reactors

International audienc