The Significance of Density in the Structure of Quantum Theories

It is proved that density plays a crucial role in the structure of quantum field theory. The Dirac and the Klein-Gordon equations are examined. The results prove that the Dirac equation is consistent with density related requirements whereas the Klein-Gordon equation fails to do that. Experimental data support these conclusions.Comment: 12 pages, no figur

Relativistic Constraints on the Structure of Fundamental Forces

It is proved that Special Relativity imposes constraints on the structure of fundamental forces. The orthogonality of the 4-force exerted on an elementary particle and its 4-velocity is discussed. The significance of the energy-momentum tensor associated with the field is analyzed. Relying on these issues, it is proved that the Lorentz force is consistent with all constraints whereas a force derived from a scalar potential does not satisfy all requirements. This analysis explains a general discussion of Goldstein, Poole and Safko.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figur

Special Relativity is an Excellent Theory

Criteria for defining errors of a physical theory are formulated. It is shown that the Special Theory of Relativity (STR) has a solid mathematical basis. An enormous amount of experiments carried out in particle physics use beams of particles having a very high energy. The data of these experiments are consistent with STR and support our confidence that STR is an excellent theory. Several specific cases of this issue are discussed explicitly. Contrary to a common belief, it is proved that the contemporary mainstream of physicists adhere to some theoretical ideas that violate STR.Comment: 19 pages, 1 figur

Spin, Isospin and Strong Interaction Dynamics

The structure of spin and isospin is analyzed. Although both spin and isospin are related to the same SU(2) group, they represent different dynamical effects. The Wigner-Racah algebra is used for providing a description of bound states of several Dirac particles in general and of the proton state in particular. Isospin states of the four $\Delta (1232)$ baryons are discussed. The work explains the small contribution of quarks spin to the overall proton spin (the proton spin crisis). It is also proved that the addition of QCD's color is not required for a construction of an antisymmetric state of the $\Delta ^{++} (1232)$ baryon.Comment: 14 pages, 1 figur

Theoretical Errors in Contemporary Physics

Errors pertaining to the following physical theories are discussed: the Dirac magnetic monopole theory; the Klein-Gordon equation; the Yukawa theory of nuclear force; the idea of Vector Meson Dominance; the Aharonov-Bohm effects; the idea of diffraction-free electromagnetic beams; Quantum Chromodynamics. Implications of the theoretical errors are discussed briefly. In particular, relations between the Dirac monopole theory, the idea of Vector Meson Dominance and Quantum Chromodynamics cast doubt on the current interpretation of strong interactions.Comment: 32 pages, 3 figure

The Crucial Role of Inert Source in the Magnetic Aharonov-Bohm Effect

The role of the inert magnetic source used in the Tonomura experiment that has confirmed the magnetic Aharonov-Bohm effect is discussed. For this purpose, an analysis of a thought experiment is carried out. Here the permanent magnet is replaced by a classical source which is made of an ideal coil. A detailed calculation of this noninert source proves that in this case the effect disappears. This outcome provides another support for the crucial role of an inert source in the Aharonov-Bohm effect. A new aspect of quantum nonlocality is pointed out.Comment: 12 pages, 3 figure

On the Crucial Significance of the Multi-Configuration Structure of a Bound State of Several Dirac Particles

The structure of a bound state of several Dirac particles is discussed. Relying on solid mathematical arguments of the Wigner-Racah algebra, it is proved the a non-negligible number of configurations is required for a description of this kind of systems. At present, the main results are not widely known and this is the underlying reason for the phenomenon called the proton spin crisis.Comment: 14 pages, 0 figure

The Physical Meaning of Gauge Transformations in Electrodynamics

The structure of classical electrodynamics based on the variational principle together with causality and space-time homogeneity is analyzed. It is proved that in this case the 4-potentials are defined uniquely. On the other hand, the approach where Maxwell equations and the Lorentz law of force are regarded as cornerstones of the theory allows gauge transformations. For this reason, the two theories are {\em not equivalent}. A simple example substantiates this conclusion. Quantum physics is linked to the variational principle and it is proved that the same result holds for it. The compatibility of this result with the gauge invariance of the Lagrangian density is explained.Comment: 10 pages, no figur

Difficulties with the Klein-Gordon Equation

Relying on the variational principle, it is proved that new contradictions emerge from an analysis of the Lagrangian density of the Klein-Gordon field: normalization problems arise and interaction with external electromagnetic fields cannot take place. By contrast, the Dirac equation is free of these problems. Other inconsistencies arise if the Klein-Gordon field is regarded as a classical field.Comment: 11 pages, 0 figure

Remarks on the Physical Meaning of Diffraction-Free Solutions of Maxwell Equations

It is proved that a source of electromagnetic radiation cannot emit a diffraction-free beam at the wave zone. A Bessel $J_0$ $\phi$-invariant beam does not hold even at the intermediate zone. These results negate claims published recently in the literature.Comment: 12 pages, 1 figur