A Decade of Suffering in Zimbabwe: Economic Collapse and Political Repression under Robert Mugabe

On March 29, 2008, Zimbabwe will hold presidential and parliamentary elections. Few people believe that they will be free and fair or that Robert Mugabe and his Zimbabwe African National Union -- Patriotic Front party will fail to return to office. That is a tragedy, because Mugabe and his cronies are chiefly responsible for an economic meltdown that has turned one of Africa's most prosperous countries into a country with one of the lowest life expectancies in the world. Since 1994, the average life expectancy in Zimbabwe has fallen from 57 years to 34 years for women and from 54 years to 37 years for men. Some 3,500 Zimbabweans die every week from the combined effects of HIV/AIDS, poverty, and malnutrition. Half a million Zimbabweans may have died already. There is no freedom of speech or assembly in Zimbabwe, and the state has used violence to intimidate and murder its opponents. At the root of Zimbabwe's problems is a corrupt political elite that has, with considerable international support, behaved with utter impunity for some two decades. This elite is determined to hang on to power no matter what the consequences, lest it be held to account for the genocide in Matabeleland in the early 1980s and the wholesale looting of Zimbabwe that followed the mismanaged land reform in 2000. When change comes to Zimbabwe, the nation will have to rediscover the rule of law and the sanctity of persons and property. The public discourse and the economy will have to be reopened. The new government will have to embrace a more limited idea of government and rescind legislation that makes the operation of the private sector next to impossible. Moreover, the new government will have to find a way for the people of Zimbabwe to heal the wounds caused by decades of political violence

Walking the Line: Why the Presumption Against Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Patent Law Should Limit the Reach of 35 U.S.C. § 271(f)

The advent of the digital era and the global market pose unique challenges to intellectual property law. To adapt, U.S. patent laws require constant interpretation in the face of rapidly changing technological advances. In AT&T Corp. v. Microsoft Corp., the Federal Circuit interpreted 35 U.S.C. § 271(f) in a technology-dependent manner in order to effectuate the purpose of the law with respect to global software distribution. However, the Federal Circuit failed to consider the presumption against extraterritorial application of U.S. law, and its decision now risks international discord and harm not only to the American software industry, but other U.S. industries as well. This iBrief critiques the lower court decisions in AT&T Corp. v. Microsoft Corp. in light of the presumption against extraterritoriality, and analyzes how the Supreme Court should apply the presumption in its review of the case

'Freedom from all forms of violence': using Zimbabwe's new Constitution to encourage rape law reform

The right to ‘freedom from all forms of violence from public or private sources’, enshrined in Zimbabwe’s new Constitution, could have a significant impact on efforts to end violence against women (VAW) in the country. The right is particularly relevant in the Zimbabwean context where VAW occurs in a range of settings, from the most intimate of relationships in the home to the state’s use of rape as a political weapon. One way in which the state can fulfil its duty to address VAW is through the reform of the country’s rape law. With comparative reference to the impact of the right to freedom from violence in South African law, this article discusses three areas of Zimbabwean law that present potential obstacles to achieving justice for rape survivors: the definition of the crime of rape, the abolished but tenacious cautionary rule, and the sentencing of sexual offenders

Exploring the integration of traditional and molecular epidemiological methods for infectious disease outbreaks

BACKGROUND: Understanding the transmission dynamics of infectious pathogens is critical to developing effective public health strategies. Traditionally, time consuming epidemiological methods were used, often limited by incomplete or inaccurate datasets. Novel phylogenetic techniques can determine transmission events, but have rarely been used in real-time outbreak settings to inform interventions and limit the impact of outbreaks. METHODS: I undertook a series of novel studies to explore the utility of combining phylogenetics with traditional epidemiological analysis to enhance the understanding of transmission dynamics. I investigated HIV in an endemic South African setting and Ebola in an acute outbreak in Sierra Leone. The strengths and limitations of this combined approach are explored, ethical issues investigated and recommendations made regarding the implications of this work for public health. RESULTS: Phylogenetics provides an exciting and synergistic tool to epidemiological analysis in outbreak investigation and control. These combined methods enable a more detailed understanding than is possible through either discipline alone. My key findings include: • Identification of infection source: Phylogenetics gives new insight into the role of external introductions (e.g. migrators) in driving and sustaining the high incidence of HIV. • Earlier identification of new emerging clusters: I identified a new cluster of HIV from around a mining community. This is one of the first examples of molecular methods detecting a previously unknown outbreak. • Identification of novel mechanisms of transmission: This work suggests that children may have been infected by playing in puddles contaminated with Ebola, a previously unrecognised route of transmission. CONCLUSION: The integration of these two methods facilitate sophisticated real-time techniques to maximise understanding of transmission dynamics, allowing faster and more effectively targeted interventions. Moving forwards, sequence data should be incorporated into standard outbreak investigation. This is critical at a time when infectious disease outbreaks have led to the some of the most significant global health threats of the recent past

Future developments in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19

The impact of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been profound and global. Mitigating future waves and overcoming the pandemic is a global public health priority. This review focuses on future developments in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19, which may help to address these challenges. The specific relevance to women's and maternal health, which address the vulnerabilities in this group, is considered. The remarkable scientific achievements that have been made with respect to the development and implementation of both vaccines and therapeutics for COVID-19 are highlighted. The speed and processes for the development, approval and implementation of interventions herald a new way forward in combating emerging infectious diseases. However, it is important to note that this is a rapidly changing field with a constantly evolving knowledge base

Role of healthcare workers in early epidemic spread of Ebola: policy implications of prophylactic compared to reactive vaccination policy in outbreak prevention and control

Ebola causes severe illness in humans and has epidemic potential. How to deploy vaccines most effectively is a central policy question since different strategies have implications for ideal vaccine profile. More than one vaccine may be needed. A vaccine optimised for prophylactic vaccination in high-risk areas but when the virus is not actively circulating should be safe, well tolerated, and provide long-lasting protection; a two- or three-dose strategy would be realistic. Conversely, a reactive vaccine deployed in an outbreak context for ring-vaccination strategies should have rapid onset of protection with one dose, but longevity of protection is less important. In initial cases, before an outbreak is recognised, healthcare workers (HCWs) are at particular risk of acquiring and transmitting infection, thus potentially augmenting early epidemics. We hypothesise that many early outbreak cases could be averted, or epidemics aborted, by prophylactic vaccination of HCWs. This paper explores the potential impact of prophylactic versus reactive vaccination strategies of HCWs in preventing early epidemic transmissions. To do this, we use the limited data available from Ebola epidemics (current and historic) to reconstruct transmission trees and illustrate the theoretical impact of these vaccination strategies. Our data suggest a substantial potential benefit of prophylactic versus reactive vaccination of HCWs in preventing early transmissions. We estimate that prophylactic vaccination with a coverage >99% and theoretical 100% efficacy could avert nearly two-thirds of cases studied; 75% coverage would still confer clear benefit (40% cases averted), but reactive vaccination would be of less value in the early epidemic. A prophylactic vaccination campaign for front-line HCWs is not a trivial undertaking; whether to prioritise long-lasting vaccines and provide prophylaxis to HCWs is a live policy question. Prophylactic vaccination is likely to have a greater impact on the mitigation of future epidemics than reactive strategies and, in some cases, might prevent them. However, in a confirmed outbreak, reactive vaccination would be an essential humanitarian priority. The value of HCW Ebola vaccination is often only seen in terms of personal protection of the HCW workforce. A prophylactic vaccination strategy is likely to bring substantial additional benefit by preventing early transmission and might abort some epidemics. This has implications both for policy and for the optimum product profile for vaccines currently in development

Qualitative secondary analysis in austere times: ethical, professional and methodological considerations

Recent debates in qualitative secondary analysis (QSA) have sought to move beyond polarising arguments in order to develop more nuanced perspectives on the epistemological, analytical and practical opportunities and challenges associated with its methods. This is generally to be welcomed, although there are also signs of unhelpful primary/secondary divisions finding new forms of expression. Focusing on definitional issues and wider contexts of QSA helps to explain the possible sources of ongoing tensions while affording tentative insights into potential opportunities and synergies across the primary/secondary spectrum. Building on work undertaken within the Timescapes Qualitative Longitudinal study, the article also highlights some under-examined costs and risks that may come along with new opportunities created by secondary analysis. Issues of over-privileging secondary analysis claims, making and the timing of qualitative secondary analysis are foregrounded as requiring further consideration if researchers are to take seriously lingering suspicions and fears about qualitative secondary analysis and not dismiss them as simply reactionary or self-serving