9 research outputs found
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Do Computers Write on Electric Screens?
How do we, humans, communicate with computers, or computational machines? What are the activities do humans and machines share, what are the meeting points between the two? Eventually, how can we build concepts of these meeting points that leaves space for the proper mode of existence of both humans and machines, without subduing one to the other?
Computers are machines that operates on a scale different from humans: the calculus done by machines is too fast and untangible for humans. This is why computers\u27 activities has to be textualized, put into a form that can be understand for humans. For instance into a graphical interface, or a command line. More generally, this article tackles the problem of interface between humans and machines, the way the relation between humans and machines has been conceptualized. It is inspired both by philosophy of the modes of existence â since computers are machines with their own mode of existence â and semiotics, since computers\u27 activities have to be converted in some sort of signs that can be read by humans.
First, inspired by Gilbert Simondon, we try to understand the mode of existence of computational machines. By commenting on Turing 1936\u27s seminal article, On Computable Numbers, we show that computational machines are at their core writing machines. But a writing based on calculus, different from the human way of writing. Writing can therefore be understood as a meeting point for humans and machines, provided we give a definition of writing that is large enough to include both humans and machines. Secondly, we examine theories that deals with the relationship between the two, mostly english-speaking theorists of interface (Manovich, Galloway) compared to french semiotics of les Ă©crits d\u27Ă©cran ( written writing screens ). We show that both approaches share an anthropocentric conception of machines and/or writing, making the machine a mere instrument fulfilling human needs. Eventually, we propose some elements towards a non-anthropocentric semiotics, by focusing on the notions of interpretation and the spatiality of writing. This non-anthropocentric semiotics is the first step towards a semiotics that would make room for the mode of existence of computational machines, enabling us to renew the way we think our relationship to them
Pris en flagrant dâĂ©crit : du calcul Ă lâĂ©vĂ©nement
Introduction Cet article part dâune interrogation : qui Ă©crit le texte numĂ©rique ? On pensera peut-ĂȘtre spontanĂ©ment aux programmeurs, aux commentateurs dâune page web, Ă celui ou celle qui Ă©crit un article de blog ou un tweet. Ă cette diversitĂ© dâacteurs humains, il faut cependant ajouter toute une chaĂźne dâacteurs non humains, machiniques. Prenons une page web de mediapart.fr par exemple. Lâarticle qui apparaĂźt sous nos yeux a Ă©tĂ© Ă©crit par des humains, son affichage a Ă©tĂ© programmĂ© par des..
Faire compter les machines: ĂlĂ©ments pour une reformulation techno-sĂ©miotique de lâarchitexte
International audienceThe architext concept is a situated concept. It was formulated some 20 years ago to deconstruct the advertising rhetoric of interactivity and the myth of the âhuman machineâ by looking at the textual mediations that allow texts to be displayed on screens. This article is driven by the desire to include non-humans in research on screen-based writings. It offers an epistemological reformulation of the concept of architext to add a technosemiotic dimension that makes it possible to incorporate the activities of computational machines into the concrete dimension of computerized media.Le concept dâarchitexte est un concept situĂ©. Il a Ă©tĂ© formulĂ© il y a une vingtaine dâannĂ©es pour dĂ©construire la rhĂ©torique publicitaire de lâinteractivitĂ© et le mythe de la « machine humaine » en donnant Ă voir les mĂ©diations textuelles qui permettent lâaffichage de textes Ă lâĂ©cran. Le prĂ©sent article est animĂ© par un dĂ©sir, celui de faire compter les non-humains dans la recherche sur les Ă©crits dâĂ©cran. Il propose une reformulation Ă©pistĂ©mologique du concept dâarchitexte afin dây ajouter une dimension techno-sĂ©miotique qui permet dâintĂ©grer lâactivitĂ© des machines computationnelles dans la matĂ©rialitĂ© des mĂ©dias informatisĂ©s
Le monde du computationnel, compte-rendu
Collomb Cléo. Le monde du computationnel, compte-rendu. In: Intellectica. Revue de l'Association pour la Recherche Cognitive, n°61, 2014/1. Philosophie du Web et Ingénierie des Connaissances. pp. 313-324
Des communautés numériquement constituées: Vers une grammatisation des relations
International audience« Ni providence ni promesse : on pourrait dire que c'est la situation d'ensemble que la technique dĂ©ploie. » (Nancy, 2011) Toute interaction numeÌrique engage une disseÌmination de lâuniteÌ de lâeÌnonceÌ mais aussi de lâeÌnonciation dans une multipliciteÌ dâuniteÌs autonomes, deÌseÌmantiseÌes et manipulables : les traces numĂ©riques. Si cela peut bien entendu se faire au profit des industries du profilage et de la personnalisation, ne faut-il y voir quâune perte ou quâun deÌfaut aÌ corriger ? Nâen irait-il pas aussi de certains des modes dâexistence et dâexpeÌrimentation de lâeÌtre-ensemble industriel contemporain ? La grammatisation numeÌrique, parce quâelle opeÌre un deÌmembrement de lâacte dâeÌnonciation en traces disseÌmineÌes fissure l'unitĂ© du sujet Ă partir du moment oĂč il est en communication. Elle renforce ainsi la structure extatique de la preÌsence humaine comme exposition aux autres qu'a dĂ©crite Jean-Luc Nancy
Un communisme numĂ©rique: Tracer l'ĂȘtre-en-commun avec Jean-Luc Nancy
International audience« In our view, the web is built by people. You are the ones creating pages and linking to pages. We are using all this human contribution through our algorithms. The final ordering of the results is decided by our algorithms using the contributions of the greater Internet community » (Singhal, 2008). Le message de Google, porté ici par le responsable de l'équipe moteurs de recherche, est trÚs clair : la façon dont le web est organisé par leurs algorithmes repose sur les contributions de la grande communauté d'Internet. Mais qu'est-ce que cette grande communauté ? Comment est-elle comprise et cristallisée dans l'architecture calculatoire des automates de ranking (classement) ? Quelles valeurs, visions du monde, mais surtout quelle ontologie et donc quel politique se trouvent engagés dans ces algorithmes de hiérarchisation de l'information qui font appel à la notion de communauté
Un concept technologique de trace numérique
Cette thĂšse entend proposer un concept technologique â non-anthropocentrĂ© â de trace numĂ©rique. Il sâagit de rappeler que lâinformatique exigeant des objets et des actes quâils passent par lâinscription pour exister, les machines computationnelles sont parties prenantes des processus de production des traces numĂ©riques, quâune « sĂ©miotique technologique » permettrait de dĂ©crire. Lâenjeu dâun tel concept est de mettre en circulation une narration qui ne soit pas de lâordre de ces discours de fin de monde dĂ©crits par DĂ©borah Danowski et Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. Ces discours racontent la vie dâhumains rĂ©duits Ă habiter un environnement ontologiquement dĂ©vitalisĂ© et artificialisĂ©, comme c'est le cas lorsque la valorisation technique et Ă©conomique des traces numĂ©riques risque Ă terme de dĂ©boucher sur une « dĂ©lĂ©gation machinique de nos relations » (Louise Merzeau) ou encore sur une « gouvernementalitĂ© algorithmique » ou un « asservissement machinique » (Antoinette Rouvroy et Thomas Berns). Ă partir du moment oĂč il y a des discours de fin de monde cependant, câest quâune tentative est Ă lâĆuvre :celle qui consiste Ă inventer une mythologie adĂ©quate Ă notre prĂ©sent, celle qui essaie de dire quelque chose de la fin dâune certaine aventure anthropologique. Et câest pour participer Ă cette tentative, tout en cherchant Ă Ă©viter de contribuer aux discours de fin de monde, quâune approche technologique des traces numĂ©riques Ă mĂȘme de faire compter les machines computationnelles est proposĂ©e.This Ph.D. thesis aims at proposing a concept that is technological â in other words, not anthropocentric â of digital traces. The point is that since computational processes require objects and actions to take the form of inscriptions as a condition of their existence, computational machines are fundamentally involved in the process of producing digital traces, which a technological semiotics could describe. What is at stake in the concept we propose is to put into circulation a narration which avoids the theme of âthe end of the worldâ described by DĂ©borah Danowski and Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. These âend of the worldâ stories evoke the life of human beings who are reduced to living in an environment that is ontologically devitalized and purely artificial, as it seems to be the case when the technical and economic valorization of digital traces has the end result of âdelegating our human relations to machinesâ (Louise Merzeau) or yet again of leading to âalgorithmic governmentalityâ (Antoinette Rouvroy and Berns). When the theme of âthe end of the worldâ raises its head, it means that an attempt is being made: an attempt to invent a mythology appropriate to our present situation, a narration which tries to say something about the end of a certain anthropological adventure. And it is in order to participate in this venture, but seeking to avoid contributing to the theme of âthe end of the worldâ, that we propose a technological approach to digital traces, enabling us to take into account computational machines as a part of the contemporary world.Doctorat en Philosophieinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe