Perfect

Perfectionism can be a form of trauma that composition instructors should be aware of in some high-achieving students

Investigation into the Effects of Oxidative Stress on Reproductive Development.

Nuclear transfer (NT), or cloning, which is the transfer of a donor nucleus to a recipient enucleated oocyte, has been successfully achieved to produce viable offspring in many species. The process is very inefficient, as reprogramming of the donor nucleus is required, and losses are high throughout development. Placentation abnormalities are a common feature amongst cloned animals. Incomplete nuclear reprogramming and erroneous epigenetic imprinting may contribute to aberrant protein transcription and DNA mutations, affecting mitochondrial metabolism and inducing cellular stress. In vitro produced embryos under high oxygen culture conditions may also suffer oxidative stress, with the resulting reactive oxygen species causing mitochondrial DNA mutations and cellular stress similar to clones. In this study, expression of oxidative stress protein markers (Hsp60, SOD2, Hsp70) in NT cotyledons were compared to artificial insemination (AI) at different time points of gestation (days 50, 100, and 150). As a continuum of the oxidative stress investigation in cloned cotyledons, in vitro produced embryos were cultured under 20% oxygen compared to the control 7% oxygen laboratory standard culture, with oxidative stress protein markers examined between the groups at blastocyst stage (day 7) and day 15. Embryo morphology was also observed to determine apparent physiological differences between the treatment and control embryos. No previous studies to date have investigated the developmental effects of oxidative stress in day 15 bovine embryos. The significant differences in oxidative stress proteins observed at several time points in the NT and AI groups were not repeatable, possibly due to sample freeze/thaw degradation. Morphological differences observed between embryos cultured in 20% oxygen and control groups were visually apparent, although not quantified. At day 15 manganese superoxide dismutase expression was significantly lower in the 20% group compared to control. The 20% oxygen group did not show higher heat shock protein 60 expression than control, however the same results have been observed in another study at blastocyst stage. The results of this study suggest that the effect of oxidative stress on embryonic development is evident yet inconclusive in bovine NT cotyledons, however does not appear apparent in day 15 embryos following culture in 20% oxygen

Through a glass darkly, seeking the common ground: The value of Derrida\u27s two interpretations of interpretation for reading literature in religious education

This thesis investigates and demonstrates the value of using Derrida\u27s two interpretations of interpretation (the Rousseauistic and the Nietzschean) to enrich the reading of literature in Religious Education with reference to I.e Guin\u27s A Wizard of Earthsea. Religious Education has responded in recent decades to developments in pedagogy, theology, and various other disciplines such as psychology and sociology. However, religious educators do not seem to have considered the question of the impact of modern literary theory on Religious Education. Such theories have influenced the way in which literature is read and studied in the English classroom. Such developments should be of interest not only to the English teacher but also to the Religious Education teacher. The hypothesis underlying this thesis is that the Derridean common ground of the Rousseauistic and Nietzschean interpretations will broaden and enhance the reading of literature in Religious Education by facilitating both the search for the centre (search for finite meaning) and the free play of signifiers (pursuit of infinitely deferred and pluralistic meaning). Generally, Post-Structuralism, with its emphasis on the impossibility of absolute meaning, seems antithetical to Religious Education, with its emphasis on the search for meaning. However, Derrida\u27s common ground of the two interpretative positions suggests a reading of literature that allows for both the Rousseauistic concern with centre and definitive meaning and the Nietzschean concern with free play and provisional meaning. This thesis, then, establishes that the value of \u27story\u27 in Religious Education is considerably enriched by the adoption of Derrida\u27s two interpretations of interpretation as an approach for reading literature, whether secular or sacred, in Religious Education

Antitrust Law - Sherman Act - Sections 1 and 2 - Clayton Act - Section 4 - Interpretation of the Term Person

The Supreme Court of the United States has held that foreign nations are entitled to sue for treble damages under section 4 of the Clayton Act. Pfizer, Inc. v. Government of India, 434 U.S. 308 (1978)

Gilded Giving 2020: How Wealth Inequality Distorts Philanthropy and Imperils Democracy

Ten years ago, in August 2010, several dozen U.S. billionaires led by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett pledged to give away at least half of their wealth before their death. Many have donated considerable sums to charities and foundations since then. But as a group, these billionaires have seen their fortunes skyrocket in the decade since the so-called Giving Pledge was launched.The wealth of the billionaire class is growing so fast, it's simply outstripped their capacity to give it away. But in a time of acute charitable need, there's another growing concern in the broader charitable sector: Most of these funds may end up in family foundations and donor-advised funds that could legally exist in perpetuity — without ever supporting real, on-the-ground charitable work.Over the last two decades, charitable giving has been on a steady upward trajectory. But this growth has masked a troubling trend: Charity is becoming increasingly undemocratic, with organizations relying more on larger donations from a smaller number of wealthy donors, while receiving shrinking amounts of revenue from donors at lower-and middle-income levels.What's more, a growing share of these high-end donations go not to the organizations that actually perform charitable work, but to tax-privileged private foundations and donor-advised funds that pay only a small percentage of their assets to support working charities. These vehicles offer substantial tax benefits to donors, but may then hoard most or all of these donations in their endowments, drastically limiting what's available to on-the-ground nonprofits.This poses a growing risk to the independence of the nonprofit sector, the integrity of the tax system, and the health of our democracy — and that was before two new existential threats to the nonprofit sector: the GOP tax cut package that passed in 2017, and the COVID-19 pandemic and recession, both of which are likely to concentrate more wealth at the top while hurting the ability of people of ordinary means to give.Diminished giving threatens to exacerbate philanthropic inequity even further at a time when the demand on charities is increasing. This is not the time to discourage broad philanthropic participation, or to hoard charitable revenue in wealth-preservation vehicles. Gilded Giving 2020 examines several possible implications of these conditions and suggests some solutions

Supporting Liverpool’s Roma community: an illumination via Bourdieu’s theory of capital

We discuss our Fair Work research with the Roma of Liverpool, and showcase how Roma communities have developed coping strategies in increasingly precarious labour conditions. We utilise Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of capitals, in particular social capital, to show how Roma cope with the uncertainties of precarious employment. We share our work of the Liverpool Roma Employability Network (LREN) and, in so doing, we posit that social networks, borne of social capital, not merely contribute to enhancing opportunity for Roma employability but more so, align deeply with Roma’s habitus

Private Foundation Giving to Commercial DAFs

Private foundations are currently allowed to make grants to DAFs and to count those grants toward their annual charitable distribution requirement. We examined the 2016-2018 tax returns of private foundations filing electronically to see how many of their contributions went to the 45 largest national commercial DAF sponsors in the U.S, including those affiliated with wealth management firms such as Fidelity Investments and Goldman Sachs. We discovered that private foundation grants to commercial DAFs averaged $737 million per year from 2016 to 2018, and more than$934 million in 2018 alone

Gilded Giving 2022: How Wealth Inequality Distorts Philanthropy and Imperils Democracy

As inequality has grown in the United States, our nation's charitable system is in danger of becoming a taxpayer-subsidized platform of private power for the ultra-wealthy. This poses risks to the independent nonprofit sector and our society as a whole.Since our first edition of Gilded Giving 2016: Top Heavy Philanthropy in Age of Extreme Inequality, we have shown that charities are receiving shrinking amounts of revenue from donors at lower- and middle-income levels, and that they are more reliant on larger donations from smaller numbers of wealthy donors. And we have shown that wealthy donors tend to pour their dollars into foundations and donor-advised funds — charitable intermediary vehicles they control — rather than into public operating charities (i.e. active nonprofits on the ground).This updated edition of Gilded Giving describes the extent of the capture of our charitable sector by the wealthy, the risks this poses, and how it has been exacerbated by the pandemic and other external factors. We also propose strong reforms that would reverse these trends and realign our charitable system to serve the public interest

An economic evaluation of salt reduction policies to reduce coronary heart disease in England: a policy modeling study

AbstractObjectivesDietary salt intake has been causally linked to high blood pressure and increased risk of cardiovascular events. Cardiovascular disease causes approximately 35% of total UK deaths, at an estimated annual cost of £30 billion. The World Health Organization and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence have recommended a reduction in the intake of salt in people's diets. This study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of four population health policies to reduce dietary salt intake on an English population to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD).MethodsThe validated IMPACT CHD model was used to quantify and compare four policies: 1) Change4Life health promotion campaign, 2) front-of-pack traffic light labeling to display salt content, 3) Food Standards Agency working with the food industry to reduce salt (voluntary), and 4) mandatory reformulation to reduce salt in processed foods. The effectiveness of these policies in reducing salt intake, and hence blood pressure, was determined by systematic literature review. The model calculated the reduction in mortality associated with each policy, quantified as life-years gained over 10 years. Policy costs were calculated using evidence from published sources. Health care costs for specific CHD patient groups were estimated. Costs were compared against a “do nothing” baseline.ResultsAll policies resulted in a life-year gain over the baseline. Change4life and labeling each gained approximately 1960 life-years, voluntary reformulation 14,560 life-years, and mandatory reformulation 19,320 life-years. Each policy appeared cost saving, with mandatory reformulation offering the largest cost saving, more than £660 million.ConclusionsAll policies to reduce dietary salt intake could gain life-years and reduce health care expenditure on coronary heart disease