15,610 research outputs found
Can Asset Markets Be Manipulated? A Field Experiment With Racetrack Betting
To test whether naturally occurring markets can be strategically manipulated, 1,000 bets were made, then canceled, at horse racing tracks. The net effects of these costless temporary bets give clues about how market participants react to information large bets might contain. The bets moved odds on horses visibly (compared to matched‐pair control horses with similar prebet odds) and had a slight tendency to draw money toward the horse that was temporarily bet, but the net effect was close to zero and statistically insignificant. The results suggest that some bettors inferred information from bets and others did not, and their reactions roughly canceled out
Behavioral game theory: Plausible formal models that predict accurately
Many weaknesses of game theory are cured by new models that
embody simple cognitive principles, while maintaining the formalism and
generality that makes game theory useful. Social preference models can
generate team reasoning by combining reciprocation and correlated equilibrium.
Models of limited iterated thinking explain data better than equilibrium
models do; and they self-repair problems of implausibility and
multiplicity of equilibria
Neuroeconomics: Using Neuroscience to Make Economic Predictions
Neuroeconomics seeks to ground economic theory in detailed neural mechanisms which are expressed mathematically and make behavioural predictions. One finding is that simple kinds of economising for life-and-death decisions (food, sex and danger) do occur in the brain as rational theories assume. Another set of findings appears to support the neural basis of constructs posited in behavioural economics, such as a preference for immediacy and nonlinear weighting of small and large probabilities. A third direction shows how understanding neural circuitry permits predictions and causal experiments which show state-dependence of revealed preference – except that states are biological and neural variables
The Use of the National Marine Sanctuaries Act as a Tool for the Enhanced Preservation of Marine Resources under the New National Oceans Policy
Comment on Noll and Krier, "Some Implications of Cognitive Psychology for Risk Regulation"
We have known about systematic violations of the expected utility
(EU) theory of choice for almost forty years, since Maurice Allais got
Jimmie Savage to violate his own "sure-thing principle" (or "independence
axiom") while making hypothetical choices over lunch in Paris.
Savage was victimized by some combination of wine and intuition. The
wine's effect is gone, but the intuition is not: devotion to EU sometimes
produces unappealing choices
Evaluation - the educational context
Evaluation comes in many shapes and sizes. It can be as
simple and as grounded in day to day work as a clinical
teacher refl ecting on a lost teaching opportunity and
wondering how to do it better next time or as complex,
top down and politically charged as a major government
led evaluation of use of teaching funds with the subtext
of re-allocating them. Despite these multiple spectra
of scale, perceived ownership, fi nancial and political
implications, the underlying principles of evaluation are
remarkably consistent. To evaluate well, it needs to be
clear who is evaluating what and why. From this will
come notions of how it needs to be done to ensure the
evaluation is meaningful and useful. This paper seeks to
illustrate what evaluation is, why it matters, where to
start if you want to do it and how to deal with evaluation
that is external and imposed
The potential of neuroeconomics
The goal of neuroeconomics is a mathematical theory of how the brain implements decisions, that is tied to behaviour. This theory is likely to show some decisions for which rational-choice theory is a good approximation (particularly for evolutionarily sculpted or highly learned choices), to provide a deeper level of distinction among competing behavioural alternatives, and to provide empirical inspiration for economics to incorporate more nuanced ideas about endogeneity of preferences, individual difference, emotions, endogeneous regulation of states, and so forth. I also address some concerns about rhetoric and practical epistemology. Neuroscience articles are necessarily speculative and the science has proceeded rapidly because of that rhetorical convention. Single-study papers are encouraged and are necessarily limited in what can be inferred, so the sturdiest cumulation of results, and the best guide forward, comes in review journals which compile results and suggest themes. The potential of neuroeconomics is in combining the clearest experimental paradigms and statistical methods in economics, with the unprecedented capacity to measure a range of neural and cognitive activity that economists like Edgeworth, Fisher and Ramsey daydreamed about but did not have
Taking Risks: The Management of Uncertainty
Book Review: Taking Risks: The Management of Uncertainty.
Kenneth R. MacCrimmon and Donald A. Wehrung, with
William T. Stanbury. New York: Free Press, 1986. 380 pp
Progress in Behavioral Game Theory
Is game theory meant to describe actual choices by people and institutions or
not? It is remarkable how much game theory has been done while largely
ignoring this question. The seminal book by von Neumann and Morgenstern,
The Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, was clearly about how rational players
would play against others they knew were rational. In more recent work, game
theorists are not always explicit about what they aim to describe or advise. At one
extreme, highly mathematical analyses have proposed rationality requirements that
people and firms are probably not smart enough to satisfy in everyday decisions. At
the other extreme, adaptive and evolutionary approaches use very simple models-mostly
developed to describe nonhuman animals-in which players may not realize
they are playing a game at all. When game theory does aim to describe behavior,
it often proceeds with a disturbingly low ratio of careful observation to theorizing
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