RISK OF INFLUENCE AND MANIFESTATION OF DROUGHT IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Natural risks have been and are for agriculture the negative factor, which needs to be taken into account in the development of the agricultural sector. Due to the fact that the Republic of Moldova is located in a climatic zone with insufficient humidity, it is periodically subject to the influence of particularly strong droughts. Droughts in recent years confirm the insufficient level of adaptation of agriculture in the Republic of Moldova to drought conditions, which more and more frequently and with increased intensity, especially in recent years, affect the agricultural sector. This article provides a brief analysis of the general synoptic mechanism of drought genesis in the Republic of Moldova, types of drought, economic impact, probability of occurrence, drought register for the period of X-XXI centuries. The authors emphasize from the beginning the great variety of dangers that appeared in this territory, giving us concrete data and examples. Also, in this paper is described the fact that out of all the dangers appeared on the territory of the Republic of Moldova, as well as all over the world, drought prevails, caused by climate change. The completion of the drought registers by 2020 indicates a general trend of increasing the frequency of their production, due to the anthropogenic impact on the environment and regional and global climate change. Through this work, the author makes a modest contribution to the study of natural hazards in the Republic of Moldova, with a great destructive potential and which can cause extremely great damage to the economy and the national environment. From this perspective, it is necessary for agricultural entities to analyze the probability of damage and their assessment, because the specifics of their field of activity, are environments in which the risk of drought can manifest itself, mainly. Thus, it becomes necessary to develop urgent as well as long-term measures to reduce the risk of drought

Drought in The Republic of Moldova becomes more common and intensive

Droughts can be considered the most complex climatic phenomena, because they trigger several factors, namely: atmospheric precipitation, soil water reserve accessible to the plant, humidity and air temperature, evapotranspiration, wind speed, etc., these being the main climatic parameters that define the state of dry or dry weather. This article provides a brief analysis of the statistical data with the most frequent droughts on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. From this point of view, drought risk management is a set of rigorously established and organized activities, which, starting from the existing conditions and objectives of the entity, analyze risk factors in a security concept, in order to minimize risks and costs. Only the precise knowledge of the circumstances, causes of occurrence and legitimacy of manifestation of these phenomena, called in the literature natural hazards or risk phenomena, allows the adoption of appropriate measures to mitigate the negative effects and reconstruction of affected regions. Of particular importance to society is the earliest and most accurate prediction of natural disasters. Drought is a prolongation of insufficient rainfall and is a natural feature of the climate. It can occur in any climatic zone, but its characteristics can vary from one region to another. The evaluations show that the deficit of atmospheric precipitations is practically specific for the whole territory of the republic. The deficit of precipitations and their very uneven distribution condition frequent and intensive droughts. The probability of very strong droughts (≤ 50% of the climatic norm of precipitation) with catastrophic consequences in some months of the vegetation period on the territory of the Republic of Moldova is 11 - 41%

Soil erosion and its effects from the region of the Negrea village

This article shows that the effects of the erosion process on soil characteristics in the investigated region of the Negrea village are varied. It is known that soil erosion is a complex phenomenon, highly spread in various forms. The purposes our researches consist in appreciation of the situation of the danger of erosion in the investigated region and recommend appropriate measures to diminish the negative consequences. The execution of the works on researched territory should be made on the basis of sound scientific projects. Erosion measures of researched soil will be planned within a crop rotation – an elementary necessity of agricultural lands. All humanity must be informed that a centimeter of soil is formed in the best condition of management on a the rock of loess in about 12 years, in terms of agricultural practices normal in about 40 years, and in a somewhat normal (natural) situation soil formation it may take some from 200 to 1000 years. The soil cover in the village Negrea consists of ordinary chernozems of various degrees of erosion and delluvial soils. Methods of conducting of pedological researches in the field and of laboratory testing included: - detailed the soil cover mapping at 1:5000 according to the instructions in force; - location and morphological description of soil profiles, determining morphometric indices of soils, collecting samples of soil for laboratory analysis; - determining the degree of soil erosion degraded of the village Negrea region based on data summary the thickness of humiferous profile with humus content greater than of 1.00%, etc

Soviet-era women pedologists

Pedology has a complex and ambiguous history. Soil science - science is very laborious, it requires long expeditions in the most diverse regions of our country. The most important section of soil research is analytical work in laboratories using sophisticated modern equipment. A significant part of all these diverse studies is carried out by pedagogical women, but they are inexcusably short of their work and achievements. The study includes biographies and essays not only about outstanding scientists - doctors and professors, but also many talented specialists - women: ”field workers”, analysts, cartographers, editors, teachers, without a modest labor of which outstanding scientific results and new knowledge of nature would be impossible (Mirskaya et al., 1993). In many areas of soil science, many women work - more than 60% of the total number of scientists (Agababyan et al., 1995; Aleksandrova, 2001; Ammosova, 2000). In more than 100 years of history of soil science, four generations of women scientists (one generation covers a 20-year period). Some of them discovered new or successfully developed the main directions in soil science, organized laboratories or replaced men in leading positions in military and post-war years, created their own scientific schools, grew a galaxy of talented students. Others selflessly worked (and continue to work), receiving primary scientific data on expeditions, in experimental fields, in laboratories, or worked as editors, secretaries, assistants to science leaders (Agamova et al., 2009). Both of them served for the benefit of science, not betraying it in a difficult time, devoting their lives entirely to it, investing their soul and mind, giving all energy without receiving from the scientific community the due attention that they deserved

Evolution of the drought phenomenon in The Republic of Moldova - consequences, losses and economic floating

Natural risks have been and are for agriculture the negative factor, which needs to be taken into account in the development of the agricultural sector. Due to the fact that the Republic of Moldova is located in a climatic zone with insufficient humidity, it is periodically subject to the influence of particularly strong droughts. Droughts in recent years confirm the insufficient level of adaptation of agriculture in the Republic of Moldova to drought conditions, which more and more frequently and with increased intensity, especially in recent years, affect the agricultural sector. This article provides a brief analysis of the general synoptic mechanism of drought genesis in the Republic of Moldova, types of drought, economic impact, probability of occurrence, drought register for the period of X-XXI centuries. The authors emphasize from the beginning the great variety of dangers that appeared in this territory, giving us concrete data and examples. Also in this paper is described the fact that out of all the dangers appeared on the territory of the Republic of Moldova, as well as all over the world, drought prevails, caused by climate change. The completion of the drought register by 2020 indicates a general trend of increasing the frequency of their production, due to the anthropogenic impact on the environment and regional and global climate change. Through this work, the author makes a modest contribution to the study of natural hazards in the Republic of Moldova, with a great destructive potential and which can cause extremely great damage to the economy and the national environment. From this perspective, it is necessary for agricultural entities to analyze the probability of damage and their assessment, because the specifics of their field of activity, are environments in which the risk of drought can manifest itself, mainly. Thus, it becomes necessary to develop urgent as well as long-term measures to reduce the risk of drought

Appreciation of changing climatic conditions, hydrography and soil distribution in Costuleni village

The climate of the Republic of Moldova and its Central Region is temperate continental with a transitional character and is formed under the influence of three groups of climatogenesis factors: radiative, dynamic and physicogeographical. Also, the climate of our Republic is characterized by mild and short winters, with little snow, long, hot summers, but with an insufficient amount of atmospheric precipitation, which fall predominantly in the warm period of the year in the form of showers. In this paper will be examined the ecological status of Costuleni locality, Ungheni district. The evaluation and study were carried out according to the standards and normative acts in force for the Republic of Moldova. The research consists in identifying the ecological status of the locality, through observations, comparisons, as well as, data collection, organization and evaluation. Environmental impact assessment - represents the assessment (quantification) of the effects of human activities and negative natural processes on natural elements and factors, ecosystems, human health and safety, as well as on material goods. Various specialized publications, scientific papers, legislative and normative acts, plans and strategies for sustainable development, statistical and activity reports of the Ministry of Environment and State Ecological Inspectorate, as well as those of the Ungheni Ecological Inspection were studied. Ensuring the long-term survival of ecological systems, the main provider of resources on which development and human well-being depend, can only be achieved in the case of sustainable development. Equally important is the role of biodiversity in providing services provided by ecological systems, such as determining soil and climate conditions, water purification, mitigating the effects of natural disasters, etc

Environmental impact assessment and the characteristic of natural resources in Sculeni village

The environment and natural resources are the main components of the functioning of the agricultural system from an economic point of view. These are the "natural foundation of agricultural activities", which can favor or limit the development of society. Insofar as we consider man as part of the natural environment, we can appreciate that the natural environment has a decisive role in the development of society. In this paper will be examined the impact on the environment and the characteristics of natural resources in Sculeni village, Ungheni district. The Prut River is one of the largest rivers in the studied territory. Further south of the village of Sculeni in the west is the Central Moldavian Plateau. This plateau (Codrii) is strongly dismembered by the deep valleys of the rivers, by numerous ravines and valleys, by the innumerable landslides from the upper part of the hills. Compared to the period of 2020 and the period of 2021 until May on the territory of Sculeni village, it was reported with the usual weather according to the thermal regime and predominantly with precipitations. As of April 8, 2021, the reserves of productive moisture in the arable soil layer on land with autumn crops were in the center of the country - 35-45 mm (125-155% of the norm). The territory - the square of the Center of Family Physicians „Sculeni” is 1 pedunculate Oak tree of IUCN III category: as a natural monument located in Ungheni district, Sculeni village, - code MD-UN-mn.Cb-115. At the moment, in Sculeni village, 1 land is pre-selected for the location of household and solid waste landfills. I am in the process of elaborating the execution and authorization projects of the respective area. There is a danger that for 4-5 years a considerable part of the land will be completely degraded and removed from the agricultural circuit. No threshold systems are created in the complex with the planting of forest protection strips. The scientifically substantiated crop rotations are not respected, practically the simple rotation of the crops has been passed. On the lands of the locals, maize is mainly cultivated in monoculture. The forest protection strips were destroyed

Contributions to solving the equations of the functional features of turbopumps

Turbopumps are hydraulic generators that are indispensable to the pressurized and/or free level hydrotechnical systems. These are used mainly for high pumping flows. They are characterized by high velocity of the fluid in relation to the active parts and the fact that the pumped flow varies in relation to the pumping height. For accurate sizing and simulation of their functioning, we suggest a new analytical expression for the determination of the power feature for a constant rpm. Unlike the polynomial function of the second degree, present in field literature, we approximated the analytical expression for the power feature for constant rpm of the turbopump using a rational function with five coefficients. We theoretically determined the analytical expression for the loading feature for variable rpm and applied various methods of statistical processing in order to determine the actual numerical values for the coefficients of functional features of the turbopumps. We noticed that among the statistical processing methods of the experimental data, the most accurate results were achieved by our mathematical model, using the method of minimisation of the sum of the absolute values of the deviations

Properties of eroded chernozems and vegetation as a factor of protecting soils from erosion

Erosion of soils leads to a decrease in the thickness of the humus horizon, to a decrease in the water permeability and moisture capacity of soils, the content of waterproof aggregates, humus, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium. An example of the negative effect of erosion on soil properties is presented in Table. 1.1. At the same time, soil density, surface water run-off and soil washing are increasing. All this leads to a shortage of crops harvested and a decrease in the efficiency of agricultural production. Figures give a clear idea of the effect of soil erosion on yield reduction in the main crops in conditions of chernozems. These data, based on the synthesis and analysis of numerous experimental data strongly suggest that soil erosion causes the national economy of a huge economic and environmental damage and undermines the very foundation of effective agricultural production. Protection of soils and their protection from erosion - a problem of national importance, which must be under the effective control of the appropriate government agencies. The nature of the influence of vegetation on the properties of the soil gives a visual representation of the depth of penetration of the roots. The loosening effect of the root system of plants on the soil is well known. Consideration of the influence of vegetation on the sink of melt water and the washing away of soil from the slopes is of scientific and practical interest. In the most general form, the nature of this influence is well known. At the same time, the quantitative assessment of flow control and soil conservation efficiency of vegetation is given schematically as separate scientific reports