4,219 research outputs found
Feeling the Heat: The Endangered Species Act and Climate Change
The following Note discusses the effects that some of these rule changes will have on the Endangered Species Act in the face of uncertain climate change and the science behind it. Part I examines the background of the Act, its current rules, climate change’s impact on the environment, and judicial deference to agency interpretations. Part II analyzes how the current rules further the goals of the Act, how the proposed changes to those rules will add to the confusion surrounding the Act’s standards, and the role climate change studies have in both of those implementations. Part III will propose a few alternatives for how the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Endangered Species Act can accommodate climate change, such as a broader ecosystem-based approach, a narrower approach focused on climate-impacted species, and a conjunctive effort to work with other parties
Stochastic dynamics beyond the weak coupling limit: thermalization
We discuss the structure and asymptotic long-time properties of coupled
equations for the moments of a Brownian particle's momentum derived
microscopically beyond the lowest approximation in the weak coupling parameter.
Generalized fluctuation-dissipation relations are derived and shown to ensure
convergence to thermal equilibrium at any order of perturbation theory.Comment: 6+ page
Integral Relaxation Time of Single-Domain Ferromagnetic Particles
The integral relaxation time \tau_{int} of thermoactivating noninteracting
single-domain ferromagnetic particles is calculated analytically in the
geometry with a magnetic field H applied parallel to the easy axis. It is shown
that the drastic deviation of \tau_{int}^{-1} from the lowest eigenvalue of the
Fokker-Planck equation \Lambda_1 at low temperatures, starting from some
critical value of H, is the consequence of the depletion of the upper potential
well. In these conditions the integral relaxation time consists of two
competing contributions corresponding to the overbarrier and intrawell
relaxation processes.Comment: 8 pages, 3 figure
Classical Langevin dynamics of a charged particle moving on a sphere and diamagnetism: A surprise
It is generally known that the orbital diamagnetism of a classical system of
charged particles in thermal equilibrium is identically zero -- the Bohr-van
Leeuwen theorem. Physically, this null result derives from the exact
cancellation of the orbital diamagnetic moment associated with the complete
cyclotron orbits of the charged particles by the paramagnetic moment subtended
by the incomplete orbits skipping the boundary in the opposite sense. Motivated
by this crucial, but subtle role of the boundary, we have simulated here the
case of a finite but \emph{unbounded} system, namely that of a charged particle
moving on the surface of a sphere in the presence of an externally applied
uniform magnetic field. Following a real space-time approach based on the
classical Langevin equation, we have computed the orbital magnetic moment which
now indeed turns out to be non-zero, and has the diamagnetic sign. To the best
of our knowledge, this is the first report of the possibility of finite
classical diamagnetism in principle, and it is due to the avoided cancellation.Comment: Accepted for publication in EP
The Quantum Mechanics of Hyperion
This paper is motivated by the suggestion [W. Zurek, Physica Scripta, T76,
186 (1998)] that the chaotic tumbling of the satellite Hyperion would become
non-classical within 20 years, but for the effects of environmental
decoherence. The dynamics of quantum and classical probability distributions
are compared for a satellite rotating perpendicular to its orbital plane,
driven by the gravitational gradient. The model is studied with and without
environmental decoherence. Without decoherence, the maximum quantum-classical
(QC) differences in its average angular momentum scale as hbar^{2/3} for
chaotic states, and as hbar^2 for non-chaotic states, leading to negligible QC
differences for a macroscopic object like Hyperion. The quantum probability
distributions do not approach their classical limit smoothly, having an
extremely fine oscillatory structure superimposed on the smooth classical
background. For a macroscopic object, this oscillatory structure is too fine to
be resolved by any realistic measurement. Either a small amount of smoothing
(due to the finite resolution of the apparatus) or a very small amount of
environmental decoherence is sufficient ensure the classical limit. Under
decoherence, the QC differences in the probability distributions scale as
(hbar^2/D)^{1/6}, where D is the momentum diffusion parameter. We conclude that
decoherence is not essential to explain the classical behavior of macroscopic
bodies.Comment: 17 pages, 24 figure
Accurate Results from Perturbation Theory for Strongly Frustrated Heisenberg Spin Clusters
We investigate the use of perturbation theory in finite sized frustrated spin
systems by calculating the effect of quantum fluctuations on coherent states
derived from the classical ground state. We first calculate the ground and
first excited state wavefunctions as a function of applied field for a 12-site
system and compare with the results of exact diagonalization. We then apply the
technique to a 20-site system with the same three fold site coordination as the
12-site system. Frustration results in asymptotically convergent series for
both systems which are summed with Pad\'e approximants.
We find that at zero magnetic field the different connectivity of the two
systems leads to a triplet first excited state in the 12-site system and a
singlet first excited state in the 20-site system, while the ground state is a
singlet for both. We also show how the analytic structure of the Pad\'e
approximants at evolves in the complex plane at
the values of the applied field where the ground state switches between spin
sectors and how this is connected with the non-trivial dependence of the
number on the strength of quantum fluctuations. We discuss the origin
of this difference in the energy spectra and in the analytic structures. We
also characterize the ground and first excited states according to the values
of the various spin correlation functions.Comment: Final version, accepted for publication in Physical review
Manifestation of nonequilibrium initial conditions in molecular rotation: the generalized J-diffusion model
In order to adequately describe molecular rotation far from equilibrium, we
have generalized the J-diffusion model by allowing the rotational relaxation
rate to be angular momentum dependent. The calculated nonequilibrium rotational
correlation functions (CFs) are shown to decay much slower than their
equilibrium counterparts, and orientational CFs of hot molecules exhibit
coherent behavior, which persists for several rotational periods. As distinct
from the results of standard theories, rotational and orientational CFs are
found to dependent strongly on the nonequilibrium preparation of the molecular
ensemble. We predict the Arrhenius energy dependence of rotational relaxation
times and violation of the Hubbard relations for orientational relaxation
times. The standard and generalized J-diffusion models are shown to be almost
indistinguishable under equilibrium conditions. Far from equilibrium, their
predictions may differ dramatically
Intake and digestibility of tall fescue supplemented with co-product feeds
Cows offered low quality hay require supplementation to meet their nutritional requirements. Our objective was to determine the impact of supplementation with soybean hulls (SH), distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS), or a 50:50 mixture of each (MIX) at 0.5% of body weight on ruminal fermentation characteristics and in situ forage disappearance in lactating (n = 3) and non-lactating (n = 3) ruminally cannulated cows (679 ± 18.7 kg body weight). Tall fescue was offered free-choice from large round bales for 6, 21-d periods. Dacron bags containing ground fescue hay were placed into the rumen of each cow at specified intervals over a 7-d period and removed on d 21. Rumen fluid samples were collected on d 21 of each period at 2 h intervals from 1600-2400 h for analyses of ruminal ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Ruminal forage disappearance was not affected (P ≥ 0.44) by diets. Total VFA were greater (P \u3c 0.05) from SH but the propionate percentage was greater (P \u3c 0.05) from DDGS. Therefore, supplementation with DDGS should improve the energy status of cows fed poor-quality hay compared with SH or MIX
Growth and characterization of sputtered BSTO/BaM multilayers
Multilayers of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 (BSTO) and BaFe12O19 (BaM), with tunable permeability and permittivity are attractive systems for radio frequency and microwave applications. We have grown multilayers of BSTO and BaM using magnetron sputtering on Al2O3 substrates. Film growth conditions such as sputtering parameters were optimized to obtain high quality multilayers. X-ray diffraction established that both BSTO and BaM were formed and cross-sectional SEM studies showed sharp interfaces between BSTO and BaM layers. Magnetization showed a large coercivity (similar to 2000 Oe) consistent with the hexaferrite component. The hysteresis loops also revealed the distinct influence of magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropies at different temperatures
Doping dependence of the Neel temperature in Mott-Hubbard antiferromagnets: Effect of vortices
The rapid destruction of long-range antiferromagnetic order upon doping of
Mott-Hubbard antiferromagnetic insulators is studied within a generalized
Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless renormalization group theory in accordance with
recent calculations suggesting that holes dress with vortices. We calculate the
doping-dependent Neel temperature in good agreement with experiments for
high-Tc cuprates. Interestingly, the critical doping where long-range order
vanishes at zero temperature is predicted to be xc ~ 0.02, independently of any
energy scales of the system.Comment: 4 pages with 3 figures included, minor revisions, to be published in
PR
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