The social and economic context of African politics in Natal, 1907-1920: A preliminary research report

African Studies Seminar series. Paper presented September, 1974In the aftermath of the Bambatha Rebellion Africans in Natal were faced with a still greater disaster, an epidemic of East Coast fever which swept Natal between 1905 and 1910 killing virtually all their cattle, with profound effects on African society.(1) In view of the important place of cattle to Natal Africans the loss was a severe blow altering in a number of ways the economic opportunities open to them in the years after the Rebellion. In this paper I will use the East Coast fever as a starting point from which to view a number of processes in which Africans were involved in this area

N,N-Bis(diphenyl­phosphan­yl)cyclo­­penta­namine

The coordination around the N atom in the title compound, C29H29NP2, shows an almost planar geometry, defined by the attached P and C atoms, in order to accomodate the steric bulk of the phenyl rings. The distortion of the trigonal–pyramidal geometry of the N atom is illustrated by the bond angles ranging between 115.22 (12) and 121.76 (9)°. The P atoms present a pyramidal environment with bond angles ranging from 100.62 (9) to 104.71 (8)°. One of the C atoms in the cyclo­pentyl ring displays a 0.822 (4):0.178 (4) positional disorder. Within the crystal structure, intra­molecular C—H⋯P hydrogen bonds together with inter- and intra­molecular C—H⋯π inter­actions link the mol­ecules into a supra­molecular two-dimensional network

A century of contested ownership: Land tenure in Alexandra, South Africa 1912 - 2011

Purpose of the paper: Alexandra was proclaimed in 1912 as the first formal township in South Africa where blacks could obtain ownership. Over the past century, a number of watershed changes in layout and ownership have taken place, most notably the promulgation of the 1913 Land Act that prohibited the proclamation of land for black ownership and a series of expropriations, resulting from apartheid policies that took place from 1950 onwards, culminating in a consolidation in 1985 that led to further expropriations. In 2011, former land owners established land claims.  These claims were complicated by the fact that a number of residents had received legal right of ownership.Investigation of the validity of the claims required a comprehensive study of the change of ownership from the original proclamation (1912) to the situation in 2011. Methodology. An analysis of current and historical development and management of Alexandra is provided, supplemented by a visual overview of the changing patterns of ownership and densification. The present status of land claims and their legal implications is summarized and a reliable estimate of the present population of Alexandra is provided.Findings: The total population as determined by this study is more than 60 per cent more than the formal 2011 census estimate, resulting in a density of more than 44 400 persons per hectare. It was also found that Occupiers on one stand can have different kind of rights.  However, adequate documentation has been assembled to drive the process of land tenure upgrading.Practical implications: The higher than previously estimated population density has severe implications - physical as well as political - for future planning of this vibrant area. The importance of a reliable estimate of the ownership of property in Alexandra becomes even more apparent when the implications of the Restitution Act are considered.

Biological control of Microcystis dominated harmful algal blooms

Freshwater resources are now threatened by the presence and increase of harmful algal blooms (HAB) all over the world. The HABs are sometimes a direct result of anthropogenic pollution entering waterbodies, such as partially treated nutrient-rich effluents and the leaching of fertilisers and animal wastes. The impact of HABs on aquatic ecosystems and water resources, as well as their human healthimplications are well documented. Countermeasures have been proposed and implemented to manage HABs with varying levels of success. The use of copper algicides, though effective in managing HABs, often results in negative impacts such as copper toxicity and release of microcystins into surrounding water after cyanobacterial lysis. Biological control of HABs presents a possible solution. Predatorybacteria that have been isolated as potential biological control agents include members of the Bacteroides-Cytophaga-Flavobacterium, ranging from Bacillus spp. to Flexibacter spp., Cytophaga andMyxobacteria. Various mechanisms of predation have been proposed, including; physical contact between prey and predator, release of extracellular substances, entrapment of prey by the predatorfollowed by antibiosis and endoparasitism or ectoparasitism of the host by the predator. Despite an increasing amount of work being done in this field, research is usually limited to laboratory cultures;assessment of microbial control agents is seldom extrapolated to field conditions

The isolation and identification of predatory bacteria from a Microcystis algal bloom

Water samples were collected from a hypertrophic lake, Hartbeespoort dam, where lytic or predatory bacteria were isolated. The water samples were spread on BG 11 agar plates where upon incubation, plaques were observed on Microcystis lawns. Two isolates were further subjected to screening toevaluate their lytic activities on Microcystis cells and identification. Isolates B2 and B16 had a lytic effect on the Microcystis cells with isolate B16 having a greater effect than isolate B2. Isolate B2 was identified as Pseudomonas stutzeri with 99.9% certainty and B16 as Bacillus mycoides with 99.7%certainty using the API system

Bis[N,N-bis­(diphenyl­phosphan­yl)pentyl­amine-κ2 P,P′]platinum(II) bis­(hexa­fluoridophosphate) dichloro­methane disolvate

The PtII atom in the title compound, [Pt(C29H31NP2)2](PF6)2·2CH2Cl2, is coordinated by four P atoms from two bis­(di­phenyl­phosphan­yl)pentyl­amine ligands with an average Pt—P distance of 2.300 (1) Å. The coordination around the PtII atom shows a highly distorted square-planar geometry, as evidenced by the P—Pt—P bite angles of 70.45 (3) and 70.64 (3)°. The asymmetric unit contains two hexa­fluoridophosphate ions, the metal complex and two dichloro­methane solvent mol­ecules. One of the chloride atoms of one of the dichloro­methane mol­ecules is disordered over two sites in a 0.515 (3):0.485 (3) ratio. C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds stabilize the crystal packing

Genetic and environmental parameters for ewe productivity in Merinos

Data of 3272 lambing records collected on 818 ewes born from 689 dams and sired by 371 rams were used in the evaluation of ewe lifetime productivity (total number born, number weaned and total weight weaned). These records were collected from ewes born from 1969 to 1994 and which gave birth during the period from 1971 to 1999. Year of birth of ewe and ewe two-tooth liveweight affected the ewe productive traits investigated. Multiple born ewes were superior both in total number of lambs born and weaned compared to singles. Heritability estimates of 0.23, 0.17 and 0.20 were obtained for total number of lambs born (TLB), total number of lambs weaned (TLW) and total weight of lamb weaned per ewe over four lambing opportunities (TWW), respectively. For total weight weaned per ewe over the first lambing opportunity (TWW1) a heritability of 0.02 was estimated. Genetic correlation estimates of -0.10, 0.57 and 1.00 were obtained between TWW1 and TLB, TWW1 and TLW and TWW1 and TWW, respectively. High and positive genetic correlations ranging from 0.61 to 0.92 were estimated between ewe lifetime traits. Genetic progress could be expected when selection is applied on these traits. South African Journal of Animal Science Vol.32(3) 2002: 154-16

An evaluation of documentation of endotracheal intubation in Cape Town emergency centres

We undertook a retrospective case review of medical records in two regional hospitals in Cape Town. All adult patients intubated in the EC during the 6 months 1 July to 31 December 2008 were included. A single researcher assessed the case notes to assess documentation of specific procedural criteria: indication for intubation, drugs & doses, endotracheal tube size, laryngoscopy, insertion depth, securing method, position confirmation, ventilator settings and complications. General medical documentation including demographics and legibility of physician name were also assessed. Results are presented using basic descriptive statistics of the 32 criteria analysed

Genetic parameters of testicular measurements in Merino rams and the influence of scrotal circumference on total flock fertility

Genetic parameter estimates for scrotal circumference (SC), testis diameter (TD) and two-tooth liveweight (LW) were obtained for 1380 two-tooth Merino rams born from 1986 to 1998 on the Tygerhoek Experimental Farm. The effect of SC of service sires (n = 263) on ewe fertility was also investigated. Year of birth, selection group and LW were significant sources of variation for both SC and TD. SC had a significant effect on ewe fertility. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.29 to 0.40, 0.25 to 0.38 and from 0.49 to 0.52 for SC, TD and LW, respectively. Adjustment for LW decreased heritability estimates of SC and TD and the genetic correlations between the latter traits. Rams with an unadjusted SC of less than 30 cm should not be used. South African Journal of Animal Science Vol.32(2) 2002: 76-8

N,N-Bis(diphenyl­phosphino)ethyl­amine

In the title compound, C26H25NP2, the diphenyl­phosphino groups are staggered relative to the PNP backbone, even though the ethyl substituent coordinated to the N atom is not sterically bulky. The N atom adapts an almost planar geometry with two P atoms and a C atom of the allyl group attached to it in order to accommodate the steric bulk of the phenyl groups and the alkyl group. The distortion of the trigonal-pyramidal geometry of the nitro­gen is further illustrated by the bond angles which range between 114.0 (1) and 123.7 (1)°. There are no classical inter­molecular inter­actions