Splenomegaly, With Special Reference to the Occurrence of Myeloid Metaplasia

Abstract Not Provided

Teachers’ Knowledge of ADHD: Review and Recommendations

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent and concerning disorder in the classroom (Bekle, 2004). Teachers need to provide supports for these students, yet it is often the case that they lack sufficient knowledge to do so (e.g., Alkahanti, 2013). This paper provides a review of recent literature (2004 to the present) regarding teacher knowledge of ADHD in English-speaking countries.  This includes a discussion of overall themes, areas of knowledge and misunderstanding, with emphasis on the need to ensure that teachers have basic knowledge of the etiology, symptoms, and treatments of ADHD. Accurate ADHD knowledge and ongoing professional development would likely benefit schools and communities. 

The Ultrasound Window Into Vascular Ageing: A Technology Review by the VascAgeNet COST Action

Arteriosclerosis; Ultrasound; Vascular ageingArteriosclerosi; Ecografia; Envelliment vascularArteriosclerosis; Ecografía; Envejecimiento vascularNon-invasive ultrasound (US) imaging enables the assessment of the properties of superficial blood vessels. Various modes can be used for vascular characteristics analysis, ranging from radiofrequency (RF) data, Doppler- and standard B/M-mode imaging, to more recent ultra-high frequency and ultrafast techniques. The aim of the present work was to provide an overview of the current state-of-the-art non-invasive US technologies and corresponding vascular ageing characteristics from a technological perspective. Following an introduction about the basic concepts of the US technique, the characteristics considered in this review are clustered into: 1) vessel wall structure; 2) dynamic elastic properties, and 3) reactive vessel properties. The overview shows that ultrasound is a versatile, non-invasive, and safe imaging technique that can be adopted for obtaining information about function, structure, and reactivity in superficial arteries. The most suitable setting for a specific application must be selected according to spatial and temporal resolution requirements. The usefulness of standardization in the validation process and performance metric adoption emerges. Computer-based techniques should always be preferred to manual measures, as long as the algorithms and learning procedures are transparent and well described, and the performance leads to better results. Identification of a minimal clinically important difference is a crucial point for drawing conclusions regarding robustness of the techniques and for the translation into practice of any biomarker.This article is based upon work from COST Action CA18216 VascAgeNet, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology, www.cost.eu). A.G. has received funding from “La Caixa” Foundation (LCF/BQ/PR22/11920008). R.E.C is supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (reference: 2009005) and by a National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (reference: 105636). J.A. acknowledges support from the British Heart Foundation [PG/15/104/31913], the Wellcome EPSRC Centre for Medical Engineering at King's College London [WT 203148/Z/16/Z], and the Cardiovascular MedTech Co-operative at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust [MIC-2016-019]

Effects of sedentary behaviour interventions on biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk in adults: systematic review with meta-analyses.

CONTEXT/PURPOSE: Observational and acute laboratory intervention research has shown that excessive sedentary time is associated adversely with cardiometabolic biomarkers. This systematic review with meta-analyses synthesises results from free living interventions targeting reductions in sedentary behaviour alone or combined with increases in physical activity. METHODS: Six electronic databases were searched up to August 2019 for sedentary behaviour interventions in adults lasting for ≥7 days publishing cardiometabolic biomarker outcomes covering body anthropometry, blood pressure, glucose and lipid metabolism, and inflammation (54 studies). The pooled effectiveness of intervention net of control on 15 biomarker outcomes was evaluated using random effects meta-analyses in the studies with control groups not providing other relevant interventions (33 studies; 6-25 interventions analysed). RESULTS: Interventions between 2 weeks and 0.05) were also small, and beneficial in direction except for fat-free mass (≈ 0.0 kg). Heterogeneity ranged widely (I2=0.0-72.9). CONCLUSIONS: Our review of interventions targeting sedentary behaviour reductions alone, or combined with increases in physical activity, found evidence of effectiveness for improving some cardiometabolic risk biomarkers to a small degree. There was insufficient evidence to evaluate inflammation or vascular function. Key limitations to the underlying evidence base include a paucity of high-quality studies, interventions lasting for ≥12 months, sensitive biomarkers and clinical study populations (eg, type 2 diabetes). PROSPERO TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42016041742.PD is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia Fellowship (#1142685) and the UK Medical Research Council [#MC_UU_12015/3]. NO, DD, GH are supported by NHMRC of Australia Fellowships (#1003960, #1078360 & #1086029). The funders had no role in the data analysis or interpretation of the results