Questioni pregiudiziali: una prospettiva epistemologica sui rapporti tra neuroscienze e diritto

In the last few years the problem of the influence of neuroscientific research on the juridical world has enjoyed a huge amount of interest, though the “neuroscience vs law” approach is sometimes unfold without a previous clarification of the conditions and the limits that permit a legitimate comparison between speeches and social practices (those under the general lables “sci-ence” and, respectively, “law”) originated and conducted within theoretical paradigms so dis-tant. In other words, very often the juxtaposition between “neuroscience” and “law”, as well as the speculations built on it, are led leaving unexpressed definitions and theoretical presupposi-tions about the concepts of “law” and “science” employed, trusting on a share of intuitive com-mon places about something which has been considered “essentially contested” instead. Thus, the aim of this paper is twofold: first, I will critically espose some epistemological issues emerged at the turn of the XX century, focusing on some reactions to the relativistic turn based on the (re-)discovery of the importance of the experimental side of every scientific enterprise. In my opinion, those proposals have given important insights that can help the clarification of a le-gitimate “scientific riductionism”; then, on those epistemological grounds, I will try to set the stage for a profitable discussion about the extra-theoretical use of scientific propositions, in par-ticular of those generated within current neuroscience researches to deal with specific juridical problems

The right to contest decisions based on automated processing in the GDPR

El artículo 22 del Reglamento General de Protección de Datos (GDPR) prevé la prohibición de decisiones basadas únicamente en el tratamiento automatizado de datos que produzcan efectos jurídicos en la persona interesada o le afecte significativamente de modo similar. Sin embargo, también se indican tres excepciones significativas para las cuales el art. 22.3 requiere algunas salvaguardas adicionales y proporciona al sujeto de los datos otros derechos específicos. Este trabajo sostiene que esas salvaguardas mínimas se ordenan en una línea progresiva que llega a su culmen con el “derecho a impugnar la decisión”, que a su vez debe considerarse como el más completo. Sobre la base de su significado jurídico específico, también se argumenta que, para poder ejercerlo plenamente, la parte interesada debe tener la oportunidad de comprender completamente los aspectos técnicos involucrados en el proceso, si es necesario. En otras palabras, el derecho de impugnación parece presuponer un derecho de explicación, cuya existencia en el RGPD es actualmente muy discutida. Dado que existe un vínculo íntimo entre los dos, sugiero revisar la noción de “explicación” rechazando cualquier definición abstracta y adoptando una relativa y contextual, estrictamente vinculada a la forma particular por la que se debe mediar la disputa.Art. 22 of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides for the prohibition of decisions based “solely” on automated data processing which may have legal effects concerning the data subject or “similarly affects” him or her. However, three significant exceptions are also indicated. Since these cases are supposed to be exceptional, art. 22.3 requires some additional safeguards and provides the data subject with extra rights. This work argues that those minimal safeguards are ordered in a progressive line that reaches its climax with the “right to contest”, which in turn has to be seen as the most comprehensive. Drawing from the juridical proper meaning of it, it is also argued that in order to be fully exercised, the data subject must be allowed to deeply understand the technicalities involved in the processing, if needed. In other words, the right to contest seems to presuppose a right to explanation, whose existence in the GDPR is currently highly discussed. Since there is an intimate link between the two, I suggest revising the notion of “explanation” rejecting any abstract definition and adopting a relative and contextual one, strictly linked to the particular way in which the contestation needs to be mediated.1. INTRODUZIONE: LA “DATA DRIVEN SOCIETY”. 2. AUTOMATIC DECISIONMAKING (ADM). 3. LE DECISIONI AUTOMATIZZATE NEL REGOLAMENTO EUROPEO PER LA PROTEZIONE DEI DATI PERSONALI (GDPR). 4. IL DIRITTO DI CONTESTAZIONE EX ART. 22.3. 5. CONTESTAZIONE E SPIEGAZIONE. 6. CONCLUSION

Foreign Precedents in Judicial Argument: A Theoretical Account

Abstract: Recourse to precedents in legal adjudication is a source of intriguing theoretical challenges and serious practical difficulties. That is especially so when we have to do not with domestic precedents but with foreign ones, that is, with decisions taken by foreign courts and international judicial institutions, particularly when there is no formal obligation for a court to resort to foreign law. Can a case decided by the judiciary of a different legal ordereven if that case is remote and that legal order operates under different procedural rules and substantive laws-have any bearing on a dispute arising domestically here and now? Should such a foreign precedent be acknowledged to have any (formal) binding force on the case in question? How could the practice of following foreign precedents be justified? This paper is primary meant to lay the theoretical basis on which those questions can be addressed. The basis on which we proceed in answering those questions essentially lies in a theory of legal reasoning that, for lack of a better phrase, can be labelled a dialectical approach informed by standards of discursive rationality

Involvement of interleukin-21 in the regulation of colitis-associated colon cancer

IL-21 expression is increased in the gut of patients with colitis-associated colon cancer, and genetic ablation or antibody neutralization of IL-21 reduces tumor size and inflammation in mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium and azoxymethane

Noi refertiamo così… voi? Guida rapida per la valutazione sonologica della stenosi carotidea.

Da oltre quarant’anni si utilizzano gli ultrasuoni per rilevare una placca carotidea e per seguire nel tempo la sua evoluzione. I protocolli terapeutici hanno ridotto enormemente il suo impatto sulla salute delle persone ma la scelta fra terapia medica e chirurgica si fonda su una valutazione clinica e strumentale che è solo apparentemente semplice. Nei referti di un esame ultrasonografico riportiamo il più delle volte delle percentuali di stenosi, a volte puntuali, a volte in termini di range oppure ci esprimiamo con aggettivi che descrivono la gravità della stenosi ma spesso ci facciamo confondere dai numeri e dalle differenti modalità di calcolo del range di stenosi ed è indubbio che, a volte, le conclusioni risultano ambigue ed estremamente dipendenti dall’interpretazione dell’operatore. Il problema è che l’angiografia digitale, gold standard diagnostico per la stenosi carotidea, adotta delle metriche non del tutto riproducibili con gli ultrasuoni. Con questo documento vogliamo condividere la ricerca di un linguaggio comune, a partire dal referto dei nostri esami. Noi refertiamo così… voi

Tutela del minore o tutela dal minore? Per un'interpretazione critica della "mitologia" della Rete.

Il lungo saggio qui proposto parte dall'osservazione che la Rete informatica \ue8 sempre pi\uf9 spesso ritenuta uno strumento di rivoluzione concettuale, morale e giuridica. Una lunga e dettagliata analisi degli studi che sistematicamente trattano dell'incidenza delle tecnologie informatiche sulle categorie morali (Computer Ethics) mostra invece il riemergere di categorie assolutamente tradizionali (quali ad esempio la "gerarchia degli enti") e riconosciute da tempo quali retaggio di una filosofia fortemente razionalistica. Si propone, quindi, di cominciare a considerare la problematicit\ue0 dei casi controversi (morali o giuridici), che vedono come elemento essenziale l'impiego delle ICT, come un ultimo cascame di quelle categorie la cui massima realizzazione (pi\uf9 che la loro crisi) si \ue8 affermata nello sviluppo tecnologico-informatico