Involvement of the Efflux Pumps in Chloramphenicol Selected Strains of Burkholderia thailandensis: Proteomic and Mechanistic Evidence

Burkholderia is a bacterial genus comprising several pathogenic species, including two species highly pathogenic for humans, B. pseudomallei and B. mallei. B. thailandensis is a weakly pathogenic species closely related to both B. pseudomallei and B. mallei. It is used as a study model. These bacteria are able to exhibit multiple resistance mechanisms towards various families of antibiotics. By sequentially plating B. thailandensis wild type strains on chloramphenicol we obtained several resistant variants. This chloramphenicol-induced resistance was associated with resistance against structurally unrelated antibiotics including quinolones and tetracyclines. We functionally and proteomically demonstrate that this multidrug resistance phenotype, identified in chloramphenicol-resistant variants, is associated with the overexpression of two different efflux pumps. These efflux pumps are able to expel antibiotics from several families, including chloramphenicol, quinolones, tetracyclines, trimethoprim and some β-lactams, and present a partial susceptibility to efflux pump inhibitors. It is thus possible that Burkholderia species can develop such adaptive resistance mechanisms in response to antibiotic pressure resulting in emergence of multidrug resistant strains. Antibiotics known to easily induce overexpression of these efflux pumps should be used with discernment in the treatment of Burkholderia infections

Nanostructures, Technology, Research, and Applications

Contains reports on the nanostructures laboratory, eighteen research projects and a list of publications.Joint Services Electronics Program Grant DAAH04-95-1-0038Semiconductor Research Corporation Contract 95-LJ-550National Science Foundation Grant ECS 94-07078U.S. Army Research Office Grant DAAH04-95-1-0564Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/Naval Air Systems Command Contract N00019-95-K-0131National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contract NAS8-38249National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NAGW-2003IBM Corporation Contract 1622U.S. Navy- Office of Naval Research Grant N00014-95-1-1297U.S. Army Research Office Grant DAAH04-94-G-0377U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research Grant F-49-620-92-J-0064U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research Grant F-49-620-95-1-031

Mammary stem cells, self-renewal pathways, and carcinogenesis

The mammary gland epithelial components are thought to arise from stem cells that undergo both self-renewal and differentiation. Self-renewal has been shown to be regulated by the Hedgehog, Notch, and Wnt pathways and the transcription factor B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 (Bmi-1). We review data about the existence of stem cells in the mammary gland and the pathways regulating the self-renewal of these cells. We present evidence that deregulation of the self-renewal in stem cells/progenitors might be a key event in mammary carcinogenesis. If 'tumor stem cells' are inherently resistant to current therapies, targeting stem cell self-renewal pathways might provide a novel approach for breast cancer treatment

Nanostructures, Technology, Research, and Applications

Contains reports on twenty research projects and a list of publications.Joint Services Electronics Program Grant DAAH04-95-1-0038National Science Foundation Grant ECS-94-07078Semiconductor Research CorporationU.S. Army Research Office Grant DAAH04-95-1-0564Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/Naval Air Systems Command Contract N00019-95-K-0131National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contract NAS8-38249National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NAGW-2003IBM Corporation Contract 1622National Science Foundation Graduate FellowshipU.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research Grant N00014-95-1-1297U.S. Army Research Office Contract DAAH04-94-G-0377U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research Grant F49620-92-J-0064U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research Grant F49620-95-1-0311National Science Foundation Contract DMR 94-0034U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research Contract F49620-96-0126Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Contract SV630304National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NAG5-5105Los Alamos National Laboratory Contract E57800017-9

Nanostructures Technology, Research, and Applications

Contains reports on twenty-four research projects and a list of publications.Joint Services Electronics Program Grant DAAHO4-95-1-0038Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/Semiconductor Research Corporation SA1645-25508PGU.S. Army Research Office Grant DAAHO4-95-1-0564Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/U.S. Navy - Naval Air Systems Command Contract N00019-95-K-0131Suss Advanced Lithography P. O. 51668National Aeronautics and Space Administration Contract NAS8-38249National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NAGW-2003Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/U.S. Army Research Office Grant DAAHO4-951-05643M CorporationDefense Advanced Research Projects Agency/U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research Contract N66001-97-1-8909National Science Foundation Graduate FellowshipU.S. Army Research Office Contract DAAHO4-94-G-0377National Science Foundation Contract DMR-940034National Science Foundation Grant DMR 94-00334Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency/U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research Contract F49620-96-1-0126Harvard-Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Contract SV630304National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NAG5-5105Los Alamos National Laboratory Contract E57800017-9GSouthwest Research Institute Contract 83832MIT Lincoln Laboratory Advanced Concepts ProgramMIT Lincoln Laboratory Contract BX-655

Développement de catalyseurs réutilisables au palladium supporté sur polymère (applications à la formation de liaisons carbone-carbone)

Les réactions pallado-catalysées de formation de liaisons carbone-carbone ont actuellement une importance cruciale. Les catalyseurs homogènes habituels présentent deux inconvénients majeurs : d'une part ils sont très onéreux et ne peuvent pas être réutilisés, même si le métal précieux lui-même peut être récupéré ; d'autre part il subsiste des traces de palladium dans rejets et produits, ce qui provoque des étapes de purification des produits coûteuses. Nous avons donc préparé des catalyseurs hétérogènes réutilisables où le palladium est supporté sur un polymère, dérivé du polymère de Merrifield, portant divers groupements phosphino. Des catalyseurs comportant des ligands diarylphosphino sont très efficaces pour les couplages de Suzuki à partir de bromures d'aryles, ainsi que pour les réactions de Heck et de Sonogashira à partir d'iodures d'aryles, en présence de 0,5 à 2,5 milliéquivalents de palladium supporté. Pour réaliser le couplage de Suzuki avec des chlorures d'aryles, substrats d'ordinaire peu réactifs, mais peu chers et faciles d'accès, nous avons préparé des catalyseurs comportant des ligands alkylarylphosphino. Ces catalyseurs sont moins résistants en présence de solvants protiques (ce qui a nécessité des conditions expérimentales particulières pour le couplage) mais aussi beaucoup plus actifs et d'excellents rendements ont pu être obtenus avec de nombreux chlorures d'aryles. Comme il s'agit du premier catalyseur supporté d'utilisation générale pour ce couplage, un brevet a été déposé. Tous ces catalyseurs peuvent être réutilisés de nombreuses fois sans perte d'activité et les pertes en palladium sont minimes (quelques microéquivalents par rapport au substrat).Palladium-catalyzed reactions have now a crucial importance for the formation of carbon-carbon bonds. The usual homogeneous catalysts present two major disadvantages : firstly they are very expensive and usually cannot be recovered for reuse, only the precious metal itself can be recovered, secondly traces of palladium remain in waste and products, which requires expensive purification steps of the products. We have therefore prepared reusâble heterogeneous catalysts, where the palladium is supported on a polymer bearing various phosphino groups, prepared from a Merrifield polymer. Catalysts possessing diarylphosphino ligands are very efficient for the Suzuki coupling reactions from aryl brodes, and for the Heck and Sonogashira reactions from aryl iodides, in the presence of 0.5 to 2.5 milliequivalents of supported palladium. To perform the Suzuki coupling from aryl chlorides, which possess only a weak reactivity, but are cheap and easily accessible, we have prepared catalysts bearing alkylarylphosphino ligands. These catalysts are more sensitive in the presence of protic solvents, (specific experimental conditions for the coupling reaction had to be devised) but also much more reactive. Excellent yields were obtained for the coupling reactions from many aryl chlorides. We patented this supported catalyst, which is the first catalyst of general use for this coupling reaction from aryl chlorides. All our supported catalysts could be reused many times without showing any loss of efficiency and palladium losses are minimal (some microequivalents of the substrate).MULHOUSE-SCD Sciences (682242102) / SudocSudocFranceF

Ferritin H gene deletion in the choroid plexus and forebrain results in hydrocephalus

Ferritin H, the major iron storage protein, has essential functions in early embryonic development as well as in adult liver and intestine. To address the question whether ferritin H has similarly essential functions in the brain we used the Cre/loxP system to generate mice with a forebrain-specific inactivation of the ferritin H gene. Ferritin H deficiency in most cells of the forebrain including cells of the choroid plexus caused accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the lateral ventricles and the subarachnoid space. Brain tissue iron content was unchanged. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved