Bacterial isolates from blood and/or CSF, per year, from 2010 to 2019.

Bacterial isolates from blood and/or CSF, per year, from 2010 to 2019.</p

Proportion of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> isolates with methicillin resistance cultured from blood and/or CSF, from 2010 to 2019.

Proportion of Staphylococcus aureus isolates with methicillin resistance cultured from blood and/or CSF, from 2010 to 2019.</p

Proportion of <i>Acinetobacter</i> and <i>Klebsiella</i> isolates cultured from blood and/or CSF that were carbapenem resistant, from 2010 to 2019.

Proportion of Acinetobacter and Klebsiella isolates cultured from blood and/or CSF that were carbapenem resistant, from 2010 to 2019.</p

Annual and total number and proportion of Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungal isolates from 2010 to 2019.

Annual and total number and proportion of Gram-positive, Gram-negative and fungal isolates from 2010 to 2019.</p

Annual number of isolates, live births, admissions and patient-days, and annual infection rates from 2010 to 2019.

Annual number of isolates, live births, admissions and patient-days, and annual infection rates from 2010 to 2019.</p

Fig 1 -

Trends in A. live births, B. annual admissions, C. patient-days and D. blood and/or CSF isolates per 1000 patient days, from 2010 to 2019.</p

Rates of blood and/or CSF infections for different pathogens over the 10-year period.

Rates of blood and/or CSF infections for different pathogens over the 10-year period.</p

Dataset.

ObjectiveTo determine trends in incidence, etiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture confirmed infections in hospitalized infants in a large tertiary neonatal unit in South Africa.MethodsSingle-center, retrospective review of laboratory records of bacteria and fungi, and their susceptibility profiles, isolated from blood and CSF of infants hospitalized in the neonatal unit at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa, from 1st January 2010 to 31st December 2019. Laboratory data on isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibilities were collected. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Corynebacteria and Bacillus spp. were excluded. Patient-level clinical and laboratory data were not available.ResultsThere were 8,319 significant isolates, giving an infection rate of 14.3/1000 patient-days. Infection rates increased from 12.0 to 15.7/1000 patient-days (estimated average yearly change 0.6[95%CI, 0.5–0.7];p = Acinetobacter baumannii (44%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (39%). Carbapenem resistance was seen in 31% of all Gram-negatives and increased over time (estimated average yearly change 4.8%[95%CI,4.2%-5.3%];pStaphylococcus aureus was the most common Gram-positive isolated. Rates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus decreased from 91% to 55%(estimated average yearly change -2.8%[95%CI,-3.5%–2%],pCandida parapsilosis (52%) and Candida albicans (35%) were the most common fungi isolated.ConclusionsThere has been a marked overall increase in rates of blood and/or CSF infections, with an absolute increase in Gram-negative infections observed, replacing Gram-positive and fungal pathogens. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase Gram-negative isolates are being replaced by carbapenem resistance, with around one third of all significant Gram-negative isolates now carbapenem resistant. Research into hospital based novel treatment and prevention interventions for neonatal sepsis should be urgently prioritized.</div

Profile of the different bacterial and fungal isolates cultured from blood and/or CSF per year, from 2010–2019.

Profile of the different bacterial and fungal isolates cultured from blood and/or CSF per year, from 2010–2019.</p