Amerykańskie szkolnictwo wyższe - cztery kryteria zróżnicowania

Several nations are currently considering ,privatization’ of parts of their higher education systems. This paper, mainly based on the American experience, examines,privatizing’ public institutions as an alternative to establishing solely ,private’ institutions. Institutions are analyzed along four dimensions: (i) ownership (public or private); (2) control (external or internal); (3) financing (public or private founds); and (4) mechanisms for public financing (who controls fund distribution and how). There are varying mixtures along these four dimensions both within countries and around the world, with the American system exhibiting the widest range of combinations. Six categories are described, including four common in the U.S.: „L Independent private”, where institutions are independent in ownership, in control, and in basic financing; „II. Dependent private”, independent in ownership and financing but dependent in control; „III. Independent public”, dependent in ownership but independent in control and substantially independent in financing; „IV. Semi-independent public (state/guild type)’,’, dependent in ownership, mixed in control, and heavily dependent in financing (less common in the U.S., but typical of Italy and Latin America); „V. Semi-independent public (state/trustee/guild type)”, where control is shared among state, academic guilds and lay boards of trustees but with mainly state-controlled financing; and „VI. Dependent public”, the model in the Communist nations. Kerr traces the historical path that led to the mixed American system and examines some of its positive consequences, which include institutional autonomy, diversity, and flexibility. Negative results include possible over-responsiveness to short-term pressures, as from the labor market or student preferences for courses of study, and from supporting bussiness or industry. The author concludes that the American experience with privatized’ public institutions may serve as a model for those elsewhere who now seek greater institutional differentiation, autonomy, and flexibility within national systems of higher education.Szereg państw rozważa obecnie celowość strategii prywatyzacji swoich systemów szkolnictwa wyższego. Au tor opracowania, opierając się głównie na doświadczeniach amerykańskich, analizuje strategię prywatyzacji instytucji publicznych jako alternatywę wobec tworzenia wyłącznie prywatnych szkół. W artykule analizowane są kryteria zróżnicowania opisywanych typów uczelni: i) charakter własności (państwowa - prywatna), 2) typ kontroli (zewnętrzna - wewnętrzna), 3) źródła finansowania (fundusze prywatne - publiczne), 4) mechanizmy publicznego finansowania (kto i w jaki sposób kontroluje rozdział środków). Cztery kryteria stanowią podstawę różnych kombinacji, rozwiązań zarówno w poszczególnych krajach, jak i między nimi, w tym w systemie amerykańskim reprezentującym najbogatszy zakres zróżnicowania. Opisano sześć kategorii uczelni, w tym cztery z nich, powszechnie występujące w U SA. Kerr śledzi historyczny rozwój szkolnictwa, który doprowadził do powstania mieszanego systemu amerykańskiego i bada niektóre jego pozytywne skutki: autonomię instytucjonalną, różnorodność i elastyczność. Negatywne konsekwencje dotyczyć mogą nadmiernej podatności uczelni na krótkotrwałe naciski ze strony rynku pracy i preferencji studentów co do kierunków studiów, biznesu lub przemysłu wspierającego uczelnie. Autor konkluduje, iż amerykańskie doświadczenie „sprywatyzowanych” instytucji publicznych może służyć jako model dla tych krajów, które dążą obecnie do wprowadzenia większego instytucjonalnego zróżnicowania, autonomii i elastyczności własnych systemów szkolnictwa wyższego

Henri Temianka Correspondence; (kerr)

This collection contains material pertaining to the life, career, and activities of Henri Temianka, violin virtuoso, conductor, music teacher, and author. Materials include correspondence, concert programs and flyers, music scores, photographs, and books.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/temianka_correspondence/4032/thumbnail.jp

Henri Temianka Correspondence; (kerr)

This collection contains material pertaining to the life, career, and activities of Henri Temianka, violin virtuoso, conductor, music teacher, and author. Materials include correspondence, concert programs and flyers, music scores, photographs, and books.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/temianka_correspondence/4034/thumbnail.jp

Henri Temianka Correspondence; (kerr)

This collection contains material pertaining to the life, career, and activities of Henri Temianka, violin virtuoso, conductor, music teacher, and author. Materials include correspondence, concert programs and flyers, music scores, photographs, and books.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/temianka_correspondence/4033/thumbnail.jp

Henri Temianka Correspondence; (kerr)

This collection contains material pertaining to the life, career, and activities of Henri Temianka, violin virtuoso, conductor, music teacher, and author. Materials include correspondence, concert programs and flyers, music scores, photographs, and books.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/temianka_correspondence/4031/thumbnail.jp

Henri Temianka Correspondence; (kerr)

This collection contains material pertaining to the life, career, and activities of Henri Temianka, violin virtuoso, conductor, music teacher, and author. Materials include correspondence, concert programs and flyers, music scores, photographs, and books.https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/temianka_correspondence/4030/thumbnail.jp

FUNDAMENTAL AND INDUCED BIASES IN TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE IN CENTRAL CANADIAN AGRICULTURE

A new procedure is developed to estimate innovation possibility frontiers and test for biases in technological change. Using data on four inputs (land, machinery, chemicals and labour) from central Canada (Ontario and Quebec) over the period 1926-1985, we find that the innovations possibilities frontier shifts neutrally over time. This is consistent with Ahmad's model of induced innovations, but is not consistent with de Janvry's application of Ahmad's model to the historical development of Argentine agriculture. Agricultural research in Canada has been conducted with the objective of developing cost minimizing technologies. Empirical support was found for this notion in the development of the innovation possibilities frontier.Innovation possibility frontier, technological change, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

Bedrock Elevation and Quaternary Thickness Maps of the Donnellson 7.5\u27 Quadrangle, Lee County, Iowa

https://ir.uiowa.edu/igs_ofm/1164/thumbnail.jp

Bedrock Elevation and Quaternary Thickness Maps of the West Point 7.5\u27 Quadrangle, Lee County, Iowa

https://ir.uiowa.edu/igs_ofm/1167/thumbnail.jp