Division of Student Development

Non

Supplemental Security Income Payments Made to Young Adults who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing

This paper reports on a collaborative study between the Social Security Administration (SSA) and the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) to assess SSI benefits received by young adults who are deaf or hard of hearing in October 1995. Twenty-one percent of the subjects received an average SSI benefit of $337. The more education individuals have, the less likely they will draw SSI. Individuals who attend college and dropout receive higher SSI benefits than college graduates. A larger percentage of females than males received SSI benefits at all educational levels. Educators and social service professionals need to encourage every able student(s) who are deaf or hard of hearing to pursue postsecondary education. Use of public funds to support higher education and rehabilitation of individual (s) who are deaf or hard of hearing is a sound investment. Public policy supporting postsecondary education of individual(s) who are deaf or hard of hearing reduces long term dependence on Federal SSI payments

George C Marshall: An Enduring Model of Leadership Effectiveness

General George C. Marshall is universally recognized as a paragon of leadership. Marshall’s effectiveness as the leader of the U.S. Army during World War II, the State Department during the early post-war era, and the Defense Department during the Korean War are well known and documented. As a result of his many accomplishments, a number of researchers and historians have explored traits and factors that underlie Marshall’s success. While many of these efforts provide insight into Marshall’s leadership style, none employ original data (interviews) specifically focused on leadership, management, and character. This paper is based on interviews conducted in 1998 of the last remaining Marshall subordinates. These individuals—Brigadier General Erle Cocke, Jr., General Andrew J. Goodpaster, General Walter T. Kerwin, Ambassador George F. Kennan, and Mr. H. Merrill Pasco—were interviewed specifically pertaining to Marshall’s management and leadership approach. The findings, depicted in this article, outline and map Marshall’s effectiveness in both personal and organizational leadership

Impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular testing in the United States versus the rest of the world

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-US institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p < 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection

Division of Student Development

Non

Assessing the Benefits of Postsecondary Education

As competition for public funding to support postsecondary education and training increases, public policy makers are demanding evidence of the benefits of their investments. This paper reports on the development of a model to assess return on investments made by the federal government (societal) in education of deaf and hard of hearing persons at the postsecondary level. It also deals with individual investments of deaf and hard of hearing students and a return or benefit on their personal investment. The model was adapted from work done by Ehrenberg and Smith at Cornell University and from joint research conducted by the National Technical Institute for the Deaf and the Social Security Administration

Supplemental Security Income Payments Made to Young Adults who are Deaf and Hard of Hearing

This paper reports on a collaborative study between the Social Security Administration (SSA) and the National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID) to assess SSI benefits received by young adults who are deaf or hard of hearing in October 1995. Twenty-one percent of the subjects received an average SSI benefit of $337. The more education individuals have, the less likely they will draw SSI. Individuals who attend college and dropout receive higher SSI benefits than college graduates. A larger percentage of females than males received SSI benefits at all educational levels. Educators and social service professionals need to encourage every able student(s) who are deaf or hard of hearing to pursue postsecondary education. Use of public funds to support higher education and rehabilitation of individual (s) who are deaf or hard of hearing is a sound investment. Public policy supporting postsecondary education of individual(s) who are deaf or hard of hearing reduces long term dependence on Federal SSI payments

Effect of Degree Attainment on Improving the Economic Status of Individuals Who are Deaf

This paper examines the effect of completing college on increasing employability and earnings, and decreasing reliance on federal subsidies by way of Supplemental Security Income and Social Security Disability Insurance. In collaboration with the Social Security Administration, the study analyzes the economic status of deaf and hard-of-hearing graduates and non-graduates of the Rochester Institute of Technology\u27s National Technical Institute for the Deaf. Findings indicate that graduation from college results in major economic benefits for deaf and hard-of-hearing persons. Baccalaureate graduates in this study will earn about 68 percent more over their working lives than students who attended but withdraw without a degree. Sub-baccalaureate graduates will earn 29 percent more than those who withdraw. With respect to labor force participation, non-graduates experience to 5 times the rate of unemployment as baccalaureate graduates and nearly twice that of sub- bachelor graduates. For the subjects of this study, withdrawals or those denied admission were found to be 2 to 3 times as likely to be receiving benefits from either SSI or SSDl than were graduates. It is abundantly clear that a large percentage of students who do not complete a college degree, continue to depend heavily on the federal government for basic income support throughout their lives

Impact of COVID-19 on Cardiovascular Testing in the United States Versus the Rest of the World

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-U.S. institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p &lt; 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection