Introduction

« Frères humains, laissez-moi vous raconter comment ça s’est passé ». Ainsi commence Les Bienveillantes de Jonathan Littell. Une interpellation ciblée à souhait ayant « fait mouche » semblerait-il. Ce roman a créé l’événement de la rentrée littéraire 2006 en France à sa publication. La logorrhée du narrateur, Max Aue, un officier nazi, s’étale sur neuf cent pages. Par ces deux lettres « ça » il désigne la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l’extermination des Juifs d’Europe, la Shoah, la Solution final..

Les Bienveillantes de Jonathan Littell: Études réunies par Murielle Lucie Clément (PDF)

Les Bienveillantes (The Kindly Ones), caused a literary sensation in 2006. Described as "deliberately repellent" by The New York Times, Jonathan Littell’s novel tells the story of World War II through the eyes of former SS officer Maximilien Aue. This is the first academic study of this controversial, best-selling work.Twenty-one leading scholars discuss the aesthetics, themes and characters of the novel, as well as formal aspects of Littell’s writing. They tackle ideas surrounding parricide, genocide, ant-Semitism and the Holocaust as well as Littell’s portrayal of both historical and fictional characters. The collection offers a deeply varied range of approaches to Littell’s work and is essential reading for anyone interested in representations of World War II, the Holocaust and contemporary French literature. All the essays in this collection are written in French

Ribavirin for Chronic Hepatitis Prevention among Patients with Hematologic Malignancies

Findings among a cohort of 26 patients who had hematologic malignancies and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection support that HEV can induce chronic hepatitis. However, a 3-month course of ribavirin can induce a rapid viral clearance, reducing the risk for chronic hepatitis and enabling continuation of cytotoxic treatments for underlying malignancies

Les Bienveillantes de Jonathan Littell

Les Bienveillantes de Jonathan Littell a créé l’événement de la rentrée littéraire 2006 en France à sa publication. Selon l’auteur, la portée du roman dépasse le seul génocide des Juifs pour revêtir une dimension universelle. Par ailleurs, le roman a été comparé à de grandes œuvres russes, notamment à Guerre et Paix de Tolstoï, à Vie et destin de Vassili Grossman. Outre Eschylle, Jonathan Littell reconnaît sa dette à d’autres tragiques grecs comme Sophocle et son Électre, mais aussi Euripide, dont l’Oreste est rendu fou par les Érinyes. Les angles d’approche dans Les Bienveillantes de Jonathan Littell sont aussi nombreux que variés sans prétendre à l’exhaustivité. Ce recueil n’est pas un jugement de l’œuvre, ni une interrogation sur sa recevabilité, pas plus qu’une assertion sur les limites de sa légitimité en tant que roman ou une justification, mais ce recueil est novateur puisque le premier à se concentrer sur le texte des Bienveillantes. Jusqu’à présent la discussion concernant ce roman a largement été déterminée par les études monographiques d’un auteur dont l’examen littéraire s’est avéré monologique. Le présent recueil offre un éventail plus riche d’angles d’approches, sociologiques, culturelles, historiques, poético-rhétoriques, interdisciplinaires, intertextuelles, sans exclure l’approche freudienne. Ainsi les analyses ont-elles, par exemple, accentué les personnages dont le narrateur, les personnages historiques, les personnages fictifs avec la famille du narrateur - sœur jumelle et parents, beau-père - et tous les autres personnages dont fourmille le roman. Mais aussi, les aspects formels, comme le point de vue du narrateur, le style, l’architecture du roman, son esthétique et les influences littéraires voire la réécriture des mythes. Et encore, les thèmes tels le parricide, l’homosexualité - qui ne va pas sans poser de problèmes pour un nazi qui veut faire carrière - avec, bien entendu, l’antisémitisme et la Shoah représentés, la “solution finale” que le narrateur juge inutile. L’idéologie impliquée se devait d’être interrogée également. Un autre thème crucial du roman est la manière dont le massacre des Juifs est posé en tant que “problème à résoudre”, problème de statistique et problème de comptabilité. Ce qui amène la question entre le Bien et le Mal et la banalisation de ce dernier, l’Allemagne nazie durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. La réception de l’œuvre et les raisons de son succès qui lui valu plusieurs grands prix littéraires a été abordée ainsi que les éléments du grotesque que certains n’ont pas manqué de remarquer

Performance of Repeated Measures of (1–3)-β-D-Glucan, Mannan Antigen, and Antimannan Antibodies for the Diagnosis of Invasive Candidiasis in ICU Patients: A Preplanned Ancillary Analysis of the EMPIRICUS Randomized Clinical Trial

International audienceBackground. We aimed to assess the prognostic value of repeated measurements of serum (1-3)-β-D-glucan (BDG), mannanantigen (mannan-Ag), and antimannan antibodies (antimannan-Ab) for the occurrence of invasive candidiasis (IC) in a high-risk nonimmunocompromised population. Methods. This was a preplanned ancillary analysis of the EMPIRICUS Randomized Clinical Trial, including nonimmunocompromised critically ill patients with intensive care unit-acquired sepsis, multiple Candida colonization, and multiple organ failure who were exposed to broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. BDG (>80 and >250 pg/mL), mannan-Ag (>125 pg/ mL), and antimannan-Ab (>10 AU) were collected repeatedly. We used cause-specific hazard models. Biomarkers were assessed at baseline in the whole cohort (cohort 1). Baseline covariates and/or repeated measurements and/or increased biomarkers were then studied in the subgroup of patients who were still alive at day 3 and free of IC (cohort 2). Results. Two hundred thirty-four patients were included, and 215 were still alive and free of IC at day 3. IC developed in 27 patients (11.5%), and day 28 mortality was 29.1%. Finally, BDG >80 pg/mL at inclusion was associated with an increased risk of IC (CSHR[IC], 4.67; 95% CI, 1.61-13.5) but not death (CSHR[death], 1.20; 95% CI, 0.71-2.02). Conclusions. Among high-risk patients, a first measurement of BDG >80 pg/mL was strongly associated with the occurrence of IC. Neither a cutoff of 250 pg/mL nor repeated measurements of fungal biomarkers seemed to be useful to predict the occurrence of IC. The cumulative risk of IC in the placebo group if BDG >80 pg/mL was 25.39%, which calls into question the efficacy of empirical therapy in this subgroup

Cardiac Adverse Events and Remdesivir in Hospitalized Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Post Hoc Safety Analysis of the Randomized DisCoVeRy Trial

International audienceBackground We aimed to evaluate the cardiac adverse events (AEs) in hospitalized patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) receiving remdesivir plus standard of care (SoC) compared to SoC alone (control), as an association was noted in some cohort studies and disproportionality analyses of safety databases. Methods This post-hoc safety analysis is based on data from the multicenter, randomized, open-label, controlled DisCoVeRy trial in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 (NCT04315948). Any first AE occurring between randomization and day 29 in the modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population randomized to either remdesivir or control group was considered. Analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Kaplan-Meier estimates were calculated for event rates. Results Cardiac AEs were reported in 46 (11.2%) of 410 and 48 (11.3%) of 423 patients in the mITT population (n = 833) enrolled in the remdesivir and control groups, respectively. The difference between both groups was not significant (HR 1.0, 95% CI 0.7-1.5, p = 0.98), even when evaluating serious and non-serious cardiac AEs separately. The majority of reports in both groups were of arrhythmic nature (remdesivir, 84.8%; control, 83.3%) and were associated with a favorable outcome. There was no significant difference between remdesivir and control groups in the occurrence of different cardiac AE subclasses, including arrhythmic events (HR 1.1, 95% CI: 0.7-1.7, p = 0.68). Conclusions Remdesivir treatment was not associated with an increased risk of cardiac AEs, whether serious or not, and regardless of AE severity, compared to control, in patients hospitalized with moderate or severe COVID-19. This is consistent with the results of other randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses