Intake, nitrogen balance and microbial protein synthesis of steers fed with or without lipid addition

This study investigated the influence of energy supplementation with or without the addition of lipids on microbial production, microbial synthesis efficiency and nitrogen balance. Eight fistulated steers were used with accessible rumens and kept in individual stalls. Their diets consisted of corn silage; corn silage + concentrate; corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean oil; and corn silage + concentrate with addition of lipids in the form of soybean grains. Estimates of microbial protein synthesis were obtained based on the urinary excretion of purine derivatives. The concentrations of ammonia in the rumen were determined immediately at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after feeding. The diets with concentrate increased (P0.05). Concentrated diets presented higher concentrations of urea nitrogen in the serum and urinary urea excretion (P0.05). Energy supplementation, with or without lipid addition, can be used as a strategy to increase the synthesis of the microbial protein in the cattle fed corn silage

Performance, body composition and net requirements of protein and energy for weight gain in steers supplemented with or without addition of lipids

This research aimed to evaluate the performance, body composition and net requirements for protein and energy in grazing Nellore steers supplemented with or without addition of lipids. Twenty-eight steers, 301 ± 5.8 kg BW, were used in the experiment. The comparative slaughter method was used, with four steers used as references. The remaining 24 steers were randomly distributed into four groups, during 180 days, according to treatment: only Panicum maximum cv. Mombasa grass; Mombasa grass with concentrated supplementation based on soybean meal; Mombasa grass with concentrate containing lipids from soybean oil; and Mombasa grass with concentrate containing lipids derived from soybean grains. The total DMI of the steers fed only the pasture did not differ (P > 0.05) from the average intake of the treatments with or without addition of lipids. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between treatments for total daily gain, carcass and non carcass for protein, energy and fat. The requirements of protein and energy did not differ (P > 0.05) among the treatments. When the pasture is of good quality, supplementation does not alter the body composition or the net requirements of protein and energy for weight gain. The supplementations with higher concentrations of lipids (oil and grain) were not enough to promote greater gains in fat and energy in carcass

ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Nutritive value of rice straw supplemented with amirea, corn flour plus urea and soybean meal

O ensaio de digestibilidade foi conduzido com 24 ovinos SRD, para estudo dos efeitos da amiréia, fubá + uréia e farelo de soja, em dieta com palha de arroz desintegrada, nas proporções de 50:50 e 70:30 com cada fonte de nitrogênio. O delineamento estatístico foi inteiramente casualizado, fatorial 3 x 2. Foi também avaliada a digestibilidade da palha de arroz. Foram medidos o consumo voluntário de MS e os coeficientes de digestibilidade de MS, MO, PB, FB, EE, ENN das dietas experimentais e balanço de N. Menores consumos (P 0.05) in the dry matter or organic matter digestibilities, but crude protein digestibility was affected by the roughage percentage (P < 0.05). Interaction between nitrogen source and the level of roughage was found for crude fiber, ether extract and nitrogen free extract apparent digestibilities (P < 0.05). The total digestible nutrients (TDN) values were 74.05% for amirea, 67.27% for corn flour + urea, 62.5% for soybean meal and 33.31 % for rice straw

Utilização de cobertura comestível na conservação pós-colheita de minimilho minimamente processado Use of edible coverage in post-harvest preservation of minimally processed baby corn

Minimilhos obtidos das cultivares de milho Vivi, híbrido simples de endosperma doce em fase experimental, e AG 1051, híbrido duplo comercial, comum, foram revestidos com cobertura comestível de fécula de mandioca a 2 e 4% e armazenados a 5 ºC. Um tratamento controle, sem revestimento, foi utilizado nas mesmas condições. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas a cada três dias, durante nove dias, e de perda de massa, diariamente, a partir do terceiro até o décimo segundo dia. Observou-se variação na acidez, no pH e nos teores de Sólidos Solúveis Totais (SST) das amostras ao longo do período de armazenamento. A cobertura com fécula de mandioca não influenciou na acidez e no pH do minimilho obtido da cultivar de milho Vivi, no final do armazenamento, porém elevou a acidez da cultivar AG 1051. De um modo geral, o revestimento com cobertura de fécula de mandioca foi eficiente na preservação da massa de minimilho, no armazenamento refrigerado a 5 ºC. O desempenho da cultivar experimental Vivi foi similar ao da cultivar comercial AG 1051 para as variáveis perda de massa (controle e cobertura a 4%) e acidez (cobertura a 2 e 4%) e melhor para a variável SST (cobertura a 2 e 4%)<br>Baby-corns were obtained from maize cultivars Vivi, simple hybrid of sweet endosperm in experimental phase and AG 1051commercial double hybrid, common, were coated with cassava starch edible coverage, at 2 and 4%, and stored at 5 ºC. A control treatment, without coating, was used under the same conditions. Physicochemical analyses were conducted every three days for nine days; and daily analyses of mass loss were conducted from the third to the twelfth day. It was observed a variation in acidity, in pH, and in the total soluble solids contents of the samples during storage. There was no influence by the cassava starch coverage on the acidity and on the pH of the baby-corns obtained from cultivar Vivi at the end of storage; however, the acidity of cultivar AG 1051 increased. In general, it can be said that the coating process using cassava starch was effective in preserving the mass loss of baby-corn in cold storage of 5 ºC. The performance of the experimental cultivar Vivi was similar to that of the commercial cultivar AG1051 for parameters such as mass loss (control and coverage at 4%) and acidity (coverage at 2 and 4%). On the other hand, it was better for SST parameter (coverage at 2 and 4%

Utilização de cobertura comestível na conservação pós-colheita de minimilho minimamente processado

Minimilhos obtidos das cultivares de milho Vivi, híbrido simples de endosperma doce em fase experimental, e AG 1051, híbrido duplo comercial, comum, foram revestidos com cobertura comestível de fécula de mandioca a 2 e 4% e armazenados a 5 ºC. Um tratamento controle, sem revestimento, foi utilizado nas mesmas condições. Foram realizadas análises físico-químicas a cada três dias, durante nove dias, e de perda de massa, diariamente, a partir do terceiro até o décimo segundo dia. Observou-se variação na acidez, no pH e nos teores de Sólidos Solúveis Totais (SST) das amostras ao longo do período de armazenamento. A cobertura com fécula de mandioca não influenciou na acidez e no pH do minimilho obtido da cultivar de milho Vivi, no final do armazenamento, porém elevou a acidez da cultivar AG 1051. De um modo geral, o revestimento com cobertura de fécula de mandioca foi eficiente na preservação da massa de minimilho, no armazenamento refrigerado a 5 ºC. O desempenho da cultivar experimental Vivi foi similar ao da cultivar comercial AG 1051 para as variáveis perda de massa (controle e cobertura a 4%) e acidez (cobertura a 2 e 4%) e melhor para a variável SST (cobertura a 2 e 4%).Baby-corns were obtained from maize cultivars Vivi, simple hybrid of sweet endosperm in experimental phase and AG 1051commercial double hybrid, common, were coated with cassava starch edible coverage, at 2 and 4%, and stored at 5 ºC. A control treatment, without coating, was used under the same conditions. Physicochemical analyses were conducted every three days for nine days; and daily analyses of mass loss were conducted from the third to the twelfth day. It was observed a variation in acidity, in pH, and in the total soluble solids contents of the samples during storage. There was no influence by the cassava starch coverage on the acidity and on the pH of the baby-corns obtained from cultivar Vivi at the end of storage; however, the acidity of cultivar AG 1051 increased. In general, it can be said that the coating process using cassava starch was effective in preserving the mass loss of baby-corn in cold storage of 5 ºC. The performance of the experimental cultivar Vivi was similar to that of the commercial cultivar AG1051 for parameters such as mass loss (control and coverage at 4%) and acidity (coverage at 2 and 4%). On the other hand, it was better for SST parameter (coverage at 2 and 4%)