Atrial Fibrillation and Risk of Dementia: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Effect of Anticoagulation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the cardiovascular risk factors for dementia. Several longitudinal studies have reported an association between AF and dementia independently of stroke history. Although the mechanisms underlying this association are not fully understood, proposed mechanisms include cerebral hypoperfusion, inflammation, genetic factors, cerebral microbleeds, and recurrent silent cerebral ischemia. Oral anticoagulation can be used to minimize risk of cognitive decline and dementia, given that brain insults can be caused by chronic microemboli or microbleeds. However, controversy on the effects of warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants on this risk exists. This article will address these aspects, with data on the studies already published and a critical view on this subject

Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Analysis of Heart Rate Variability Before and During Tilt Test in Patients with Cardioinhibitory Vasovagal Syncope

Abstract Background: Cardioinhibitory vasovagal response is uncommon during the tilt test (TT). Heart rate variability (HRV) by use of spectral analysis can distinguish patients with that response. Objective: To compare the HRV in patients with cardioinhibitory vasovagal syncope (case group - G1) with that in patients without syncope and with negative response to TT (control group - G2). Methods: 64 patients were evaluated (mean age, 36.2 years; 35 men) and submitted to TT at 70 degrees, under digital Holter monitoring. The groups were paired for age and sex (G1, 40 patients; G2, 24). Results: In G1, 21 patients had a type 2A response and 19 had type 2B, with mean TT duration of 20.4 minutes. There was a greater low frequency (LF) component (11,6 versus 4,5 ms2, p=0.001) and a lower low/high frequency ratio in the supine position (3,9 versus 4,5 ms2, p=0.008) in G1, with no difference during TT between the groups. Applying the receiver operating characteristic curve for cardioinhibitory response, the area under the curve was 0.74 for the LF component in the supine position (p = 0.001). The following were observed for the cutoff point of 0.35 ms(2) for the LF component: sensitivity, 97.4%; specificity, 83.3%; positive predictive value, 85.3%; negative predictive value, 96.9%; and positive likelihood ratio, 5.8. Conclusion: HRV in the supine position allowed identifying patients with syncope and cardioinhibitory response with a high negative predictive value and likelihood ratio of 5.8

Analysis of Heart Rate Variability Before and During Tilt Test in Patients with Cardioinhibitory Vasovagal Syncope

Abstract Background: Cardioinhibitory vasovagal response is uncommon during the tilt test (TT). Heart rate variability (HRV) by use of spectral analysis can distinguish patients with that response. Objective: To compare the HRV in patients with cardioinhibitory vasovagal syncope (case group - G1) with that in patients without syncope and with negative response to TT (control group - G2). Methods: 64 patients were evaluated (mean age, 36.2 years; 35 men) and submitted to TT at 70 degrees, under digital Holter monitoring. The groups were paired for age and sex (G1, 40 patients; G2, 24). Results: In G1, 21 patients had a type 2A response and 19 had type 2B, with mean TT duration of 20.4 minutes. There was a greater low frequency (LF) component (11,6 versus 4,5 ms2, p=0.001) and a lower low/high frequency ratio in the supine position (3,9 versus 4,5 ms2, p=0.008) in G1, with no difference during TT between the groups. Applying the receiver operating characteristic curve for cardioinhibitory response, the area under the curve was 0.74 for the LF component in the supine position (p = 0.001). The following were observed for the cutoff point of 0.35 ms(2) for the LF component: sensitivity, 97.4%; specificity, 83.3%; positive predictive value, 85.3%; negative predictive value, 96.9%; and positive likelihood ratio, 5.8. Conclusion: HRV in the supine position allowed identifying patients with syncope and cardioinhibitory response with a high negative predictive value and likelihood ratio of 5.8

A brinquedoteca como instrumento na assistência à criança hospitalizada, sob o olhar do cuidador.

Resumo A brinquedoteca é um espaço provido de brinquedos e jogos educativos, que contribui para a construção e/ou fortalecimento das relações de vínculo e afeto entre as crianças e seu meio social. O principal objetivo dessa produção é analisar a percepção do cuidador em relação à importância da brinquedoteca na reabilitação da criança hospitalizada. Trata-se de um estudo de abordagem qualitativa e caráter exploratório, onde participaram 10 mães que estavam acompanhando seus filhos internados em tratamento num hospital. As categorias de análise que emergiram foram: a influência da brinquedoteca no tratamento da criança hospitalizada; atividades realizadas na brinquedoteca e relacionamento interpessoal entre as crianças com as dificuldades enfrentadas da brinquedoteca. Concluiu-se que a brinquedoteca é importante para a recuperação da criança hospitalizada, pois durante a entrevista a maiorias das mães relataram que as crianças melhoraram o humor, a autoestima; ficaram menos agitadas e esqueceram um pouco do tratamento quando estavam brincando.Descritores: Jogos e Brinquedos; Saúde da Criança; Enfermagem; Hospitalização.

Experiência inicial da estimulação cardíaca artificial com marcapasso VDD de eletrodo único

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o desempenho do marcapasso VDD com eletrodo único Dromos-Biotronic. Casuística e Métodos: Num período de 12 meses foram realizados 21 implantes de sistemas VDD com eletrodo único, no Instituto do Coração do Hospital Madre Teresa. Onze pacientes eram do sexo feminino, a média de idades foi de 59,8 anos (16 a 77). Todos os pacientes apresentavam bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) avançado (BAV total e BAV segundo grau). A miocardiopatia chagásica foi a etiologia de maior prevalência (76,1%), seguido de pós-cirúrgico (14,3%), miocardioesclerose (4,7%) e de etiologia desconhecida (4,7%). Os pacientes utilizaram eletrodo SL 60-/13-UP Biotronic. A técnica de implante foi a tradicional para implantes VVI endocavitários, apenas com o cuidado de posicionar os anéis de "sensing" atrial em posição alta ou médio-alta no átrio e medir os potenciais desta cavidade. A avaliação pós-operatória foi realizada a nível ambulatorial, no terceiro mês de pós-operatório, constando de análise telemétrica, ecocardiográfica e teste de esforço em esteira, para avaliação da função ventricular, tolerância ao exercício e manutenção do sincronismo AV no repouso e durante movimento. Resultados: A análise telemétrica demonstrou boa captura atrial no repouso em todos os pacientes (100%). O teste de limiar de sensibilidade atrial revelou onda "P" média de 1,27 mV, sendo que apenas um paciente tinha sensibilidade atrial reprogramada para 0,1 mV devido a perda de captura dependente de posição; os demais pacientes foram mantidos com programação à nominal deste parâmetro (0,2 mV). A ecocardiografia revelou melhora da fração de ejeção em 71,4% dos pacientes e 90,47% relataram melhora funcional (NYHA). Ao teste de esforço 95,23% dos pacientes mantiveram o sincronismo AV no pico do esforço. Conclusão: A estimulação cardíaca artificial em VDD com eletrodo único demonstrou excelente alternativa à estimulação em DDD, porque manteve o sincronismo AV em repouso e no exercício, melhorou o desempenho hemodinâmico e, conseqüentemente, a classe funcional da maioria dos pacientes, sem a necessidade de se utilizar um segundo eletrodo, evitando, assim, as complicações de implante e seu acompanhamento deste. Desta forma, o sistema VDD com eletrodo único reúne as facilidades de implante dos sistemas VVI, com os benefícios hemodinâmicos dos sistemas DDD, devendo, pois, ser indicado em todos os pacientes que tenham estabilidade atrial e competência sinusal.The authors present an evaluation of the first results in the use of artificial cardiac stimulation, with a VDD single electrode pacemaker, (Dromos Biotronic). In 1995 26 VDD single electrode pacemaker implants were done. Twenty one patients were female, average age 59.8 years (range 01-77 years). A total AVB due to myocardiopathy secondary to Chagas disease was the first indication. All the patients used an SL 60/13 up electrode. A standard implant technique using intracavity pacers, always observing if the atrial sensors were in good position inside the atrial cavity getting good values of sensibility. The post-op was on an out patient basis and the pacemaker was analysed routinely. Echocardiograms and stress tests for evaluation of left ventricular function, exercise tolerance and the mantainace of the atrial sensibility in movament were done. All cases kept adequate atrial sensibility, with limits below 1.0 mv, kept synchronism of AV, and in consequence improvement of symptoms. Echocardiograms demonstrated an increase of ejection fraction with VDD model and stress test showed a better resistance to stress and AV synchronism in all patients. Artificial VDD cardiac stimulation with single electrode resulted to be an excellent alternative to the DDD stimulation, since it mantained the AV synchronism improved hemodinamic performance and consequently the functional class, without need of a second electrode and all the problems related to its management

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Global variation in postoperative mortality and complications after cancer surgery: a multicentre, prospective cohort study in 82 countries

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licenseBackground: 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods: This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03471494. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation: Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding: National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 licenseBackground: Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide. Methods: A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study—a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital. Findings: Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3·85 [95% CI 2·58–5·75]; p<0·0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63·0% vs 82·7%; OR 0·35 [0·23–0·53]; p<0·0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer. Interpretation: Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised. Funding: National Institute for Health and Care Research