Ispitivanje faktora koji utiču na metaboličku adaptaciju kod krava u ranoj laktaciji

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between different metabolic parameters in early lactation and statistical methods to perform the extraction of information from a large number of data to determine which factors are the most important influence on the metabolic adaptation. Blood was taken from 50 cows of the Holstein-Friesian breed. They are made of correlation matrices and then by extraction of the main factors using factor analysis. The results show that the extractable three main factors. Factor 1 gives an explanation of 61.7% and variations on highly correlated with the levels of insulin, IGF-I, STH, NEFA and glucose (metabolic stress). Factor 2 explained 20.2% of variation and it correlates highly with BHB, AST, triglycerides and cholesterol (liver condition). Factor 3, which explains 7% variation of variables correlated with milk production in cows (productivity). Further investigation of factors and parameters within factors should detect the most important indicators of metabolic adaptation.Cilj ovog rada je da se ispita međusobna veza između različitih metaboličkih parametara u ranoj laktaciji i da se statističkim metodama izvršiti ekstrakcija informacija iz velikog broja podataka, kako bi utvrdili koji faktori najznačajnije utiču na metaboličku adaptaciju. Krv je uzeta od 50 krava holštajn-frizijske rase. Napravljene su matrice korelacije i potom je izvršena ekstrakcija glavnih faktora upotrebom faktorske analize. Rezultati pokazuju da se može ekstrahovati tri glavna faktora. Faktor 1 daje objašnjenje 61,7% varijacije i on visoko korelira sa vrednostima insulina, insulinu sličnom faktoru rasta-I (IGF-I), hormonu rasta (STH), ne-esterifikovanim višim masnim kiselinama (NEFA) i glukoze (metabolički stres). Faktor 2 objašnjava 20,2% varijacije i on visoko korelira sa beta-hidroksi-buternom kiselinom (BHB), aspartat-aminotransferazom (AST), trigliceridima i holesterolom (stanje jetre). Faktor 3 koji objašnjava 7% varijacije varijabli korelira sa proizvodnjom mleka kod krava (produktivnost). Daljim istraživanjem faktora i parametara u okviru faktora treba detektovati najznačajnije pokazatelje metaboličke adaptacije

Efekat niacina u regulaciji metabolizma krava u ranoj laktaciji

Niacin is of great importance for the energy metabolism, because it is incorporated in the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which participates in a number of oxidative-reduktacionih reactions in anabolic pathways (NADPH/NADP) and catabolic pathways (NADH/NAD). Niacin, which is administered orally can be found as a rumen not protected niacin or rumen protected niacin. Encapsulated technology can dramatically increase bioavailability of components in the small intestine. By reducing the concentration of NEFA in cows fed rumen protected with niacin postpartum is possible lead to a reduction in accumulation and triglycerides. Insulin is involved in the reaction of niacin with glucose in the blood. Due to the above niacin can play an important role in the regulation of metabolic stress in cows in early lactation. A potential mechanism through which niacin exerts its effect on lipid metabolism is reflected in its impact on insulin resistance in cows.Niacin je od velike važniosti za energetski metabolizam, zato što se inkorporira u koenzimu nicotinamid adenin dinukleotid (NAD) koji učestvuje u velikom broju oksidativno-reduktacionih reakcija: u anaboličkim putevima (NADPH/NADP) i kataboličkim putevima (NADH/NAD). Niacin koji se aplicira oralno može se naći kao rumen ne zaštičeni niacin ili rumen zaštičeni niacin. Inkapsulirana tehnologija može dramatično povečati bioraspoložlivost komponenata u tankim crevima. Reduciranjem koncentracija ne-estrikofanih viših masnih kiselina (NEFA) kod krava hranjenim sa rumen zaštičenim niacinom postpartum moguće je dovesti do smanjenje akumulacije i triglicerida. Insulin je involviran u reakciji niacina sa glukozom u krvi. Zbog svega navedenog niacin može imati značajnu ulogu u regulaciji metaboličkog stresa kod krava u ranoj laktaciji. Potencijalni mehanizma preko kog niacin ispoljava svoj efekat na metabolizam lipida ogleda se u njegovom uticaju na insulinsku rezistenciju kod krava

Hematological Parameters in Cows in Early Lactation Treated with Ketoprofen and their Relationship with Lipid Mobilization and Ketogenesis

Background: Dairy cows are exposed to numerous hematological and biochemical changes, what is bringing cows into the state of increased metabolic activity and physiological adaptations. These adaptive processes have resulted in increased lipid mobilization and ketogenesis with increased concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). As a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketoprofen produces anti-inflammatory effects. The main objective of the present study was to found relationship between hematological parameters and ketoprofen administration and high lipid mobilization and ketogenesis in cows treated with ketoprofen immediately after calving.Materials, Methods & Results: Ketoprofen was used (3 mg/kg body weight) intramuscularly for three consecutive days post-partum on 15 cows of Holstein-Friesian breed. Cows of the control group (n = 15) were not treated with ketoprofen. Blood samples were collected at the day of calving, in the first and in the second week after parturition from the coccygeal vein of the both groups. Hematological parameters (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, neutrophils, lymphocytes and mean platelet volume) were determined on the automatic hematological counter. Metabolic parameters (NEFA, BHB) were determined by standard colorimetric kits using a semi-automatic biochemistry analyzer. Student’s t-test was used to determine the influence of the application of ketoprofen to the hematological parameters. The data analysis was performed using SPSS, version 19.0, software package for Microsoft Windows (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The results of comparison with (P < 0.05) were considered to represent statistically significant differences. Difference in correlation test between NEFA and BHB and other blood parameters in experimental and control group of cows were determined by the Fischer r-to-z transformation. The research results show that there was a increased red blood cell count and a higher concentration of hemoglobin (P < 0.05), fewer neutrophils (P < 0.01), lower number of lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and fewer mean platelet volume in cows that received ketoprofen after calving than those of the control. Determined hematological parameters and values of NEFA and BHB are in correlation. The correlation coefficients were significantly lower in the experimental group of cows. The intensity of the connection between hematological parameters and value of NEFA and BHB decreases.Discussion: It is well known that dairy cows with excessive adiposity manifest a low-grade inflammation and that elevated NEFA concentrations present positive risk factors for many proinflammatory diseases. Analyzing the results in this examination, it has been noticed that the increase of NEFA and BHB after calving were significantly lower in group of cows treated with ketoprofen. Also, determined hematological parameters and values of NEFA and BHB are in correlation. The intensity of these connection decreases in ketoprofen treated cows. In current study, in cows treated with ketoprofen there is decrease in concentrations of inflammatory mediators such as neutrophils and lymphocytes. Red blood cell and hemoglobin concentration decreased in the peripartal period as a result of inflammation. In cows treated with ketoprofen these concentrations increased. In many inflammatory conditions mean platelets volume is increased while there is a decrease in ketoprofen treated cows. Presented results indicate strong relationship between the concentration of NEFA, as well as BHB and hematological parameters indicating that the dependence of hematological parameters of intensity of lipid mobilization and ketogenesis was significantly lower in cows treated with ketoprofen immediately after calving

Indeks termalnog komfora (THI) krava u letnjim mesecima od 2005 do 2016 godine na teritoriji AP Vojvodine

One of the most important factors of comfort and well-being of animals is a constant ambient temperature. A stressful environment temperature is estimated comparative measurement of air temperature and humidity (eng. Temperature-Humidity Index, THI). The aim of this study was to determine the mean peak value of THI index in Vojvodina in the period 2005-2016 years. The research results show that the mean value of THI index measured at 14 o'clock in the warmest part of the day exceeds the value of 72, which is considered the upper limit of the thermal comfort of the cows. The linear regression equation shows that from 2005 to 2016 there is a trend increase in mean maximum THI index in all three summer months in June, an increase of 0.17; in July to 0.29 in August, and by about 0.51 units per year. The number of days in which the THI indexed outside the thermal comfort of the cows more than 12 hours per day has increased from 2005 to the present. In 2007 and 2012 there were extremely negative conditions in which the THI index was above the optimum for more than 12 hours a day. During the summer thermal comfort of cows in Vojvodina was significantly compromised, with further growth.Jedan od najvažnijih činilaca komfora i dobrobiti životinja je stalna ambijentalna temperatura. Stresogenost temperature ambijenta se procenjuje uporednim merenjem temperature vazduha i vlažnosti vazduha (eng. Temperature-Humidity Index, THI). Cilj ovog rada je da se utvrde srednje maksimalne vrednosti THI indeksa na teritoriji AP Vojvodine u periodu 2005-2016 godina. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da srednja vrednost THI indeksa izmerena u 14 časova u najtoplijem delu dana prevazilazi vrednost 72, koja se smatra gornjom granicom termalnog komfora kod krava. Linearna regresiona jednačina pokazuje da od 2005 do 2016 godine postoji trend porasta srednjeg maksimalnog THI indeksa u sva tri letnja meseca: u junu porast za 0,17; u julu za 0,29 i u avgustu za oko 0,51 jedinica godišnje. Broj dana u kojima je THI indek izvan termalnog komfora krava duže od 12 časova dnevno je u porastu od 2005 godine do danas. U 2007. i 2012 godini postojali su ekstremno negativni uslovi u kojima je THI indeks bio iznad optimuma više od 12 sati dnevno. Tokom letnjih meseci termalni komfor krava na teritoriji AP Vojvodine je značajno ugrožen, sa daljom tendencijom porasta

Hematological Parameters in Cows in Early Lactation Treated with Ketoprofen and their Relationship with Lipid Mobilization and Ketogenesis

Background: Dairy cows are exposed to numerous hematological and biochemical changes, what is bringing cows into the state of increased metabolic activity and physiological adaptations. These adaptive processes have resulted in increased lipid mobilization and ketogenesis with increased concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). As a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketoprofen produces anti-inflammatory effects. The main objective of the present study was to found relationship between hematological parameters and ketoprofen administration and high lipid mobilization and ketogenesis in cows treated with ketoprofen immediately after calving.Materials, Methods & Results: Ketoprofen was used (3 mg/kg body weight) intramuscularly for three consecutive days post-partum on 15 cows of Holstein-Friesian breed. Cows of the control group (n = 15) were not treated with ketoprofen. Blood samples were collected at the day of calving, in the first and in the second week after parturition from the coccygeal vein of the both groups. Hematological parameters (erythrocytes, hemoglobin, neutrophils, lymphocytes and mean platelet volume) were determined on the automatic hematological counter. Metabolic parameters (NEFA, BHB) were determined by standard colorimetric kits using a semi-automatic biochemistry analyzer. Student’s t-test was used to determine the influence of the application of ketoprofen to the hematological parameters. The data analysis was performed using SPSS, version 19.0, software package for Microsoft Windows (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). The results of comparison with (P < 0.05) were considered to represent statistically significant differences. Difference in correlation test between NEFA and BHB and other blood parameters in experimental and control group of cows were determined by the Fischer r-to-z transformation. The research results show that there was a increased red blood cell count and a higher concentration of hemoglobin (P < 0.05), fewer neutrophils (P < 0.01), lower number of lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and fewer mean platelet volume in cows that received ketoprofen after calving than those of the control. Determined hematological parameters and values of NEFA and BHB are in correlation. The correlation coefficients were significantly lower in the experimental group of cows. The intensity of the connection between hematological parameters and value of NEFA and BHB decreases.Discussion: It is well known that dairy cows with excessive adiposity manifest a low-grade inflammation and that elevated NEFA concentrations present positive risk factors for many proinflammatory diseases. Analyzing the results in this examination, it has been noticed that the increase of NEFA and BHB after calving were significantly lower in group of cows treated with ketoprofen. Also, determined hematological parameters and values of NEFA and BHB are in correlation. The intensity of these connection decreases in ketoprofen treated cows. In current study, in cows treated with ketoprofen there is decrease in concentrations of inflammatory mediators such as neutrophils and lymphocytes. Red blood cell and hemoglobin concentration decreased in the peripartal period as a result of inflammation. In cows treated with ketoprofen these concentrations increased. In many inflammatory conditions mean platelets volume is increased while there is a decrease in ketoprofen treated cows. Presented results indicate strong relationship between the concentration of NEFA, as well as BHB and hematological parameters indicating that the dependence of hematological parameters of intensity of lipid mobilization and ketogenesis was significantly lower in cows treated with ketoprofen immediately after calving

Akutni inflamatorni odgovor krava u ranoj laktaciji i mogućnost njegove kontrole nesteroidnim antiinflamatornim lekovima

There is growing metabolic stress and signs of acute inflammation in cows in early lactation. The acute inflammatory response and metabolic status of cows are related to each other, so that dominance of homeorhetic process leads to the development of acute inflammatory response, which further emphasizes homeorhetic adaptation. These processes can significantly collapse state of health and the value of a productivity in cows. In this paper we described the possibility of interruption of the feedback using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cows in early lactation. We have described effects of flunixin, ketoprofen and acetyl salicylic acid of the inflammatory response and the health of the cows.Kod krava u ranoj laktaciji postoji izražen metabolički stres i znaci akutne inflamacije. Akutni inflamatorni odgovor i metabolički status krava su u međusobnoj vezi, tako da dominacija homeretskih procesa dovodi do razvoja aktutnog inflamatornog odgovora, koji dalje potencira homeoretsku adaptaciju. Navedeni procesi mogu značajno da uruše zdravstveno stanje i produktivne vrednosti krava. U ovom preglednom radu opisana je mogućnost prekida ove povratne sprege upotrebom nesteroidnih antiinflamatornih lekova kod krava u ranoj laktaciji. Opisani su efekti fluniksina, acetilsalicilne kiseline i ketoprofena na inflamatorni odgovor i zdravlje krava

Effects of Ketoprofen Administration on Relation between Acute Phase Proteins and Metabolic Parameters in Cows during Early Lactation

Background: Acute phase proteins (APPs) are clinically useful parameters for measuring the occurrence and severity of inflammatory responses in cattle. As large group of proteins, APPs are mainly secreted by hepatocytes whose concentration increase or decrease as response to tissue injury, inflammation or infection. The transition from late pregnancy to early lactation is associated with a compromised immune status coupled with increased acute phase response. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used in treatment of inflammatory conditions. The main objective of the present study was to analyze the effects of a preventive administration of the NSAID (ketoprofen) in post-calving dairy cows on concentration of APPs (haptoglobin and fibrinogen) and their relationship with indicators of liver function.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: The treatment group (n = 15) was given an intramuscular injection of ketoprofen in the concentration of 3 mg/kg during three consecutive days after calving. The control group (n = 15) was not treated with ketoprofen. Blood samples were taken from coccygeal vein, on the first day of treatment and in the first and second week postpartum and they were analyzed for metabolic parameters (albumin and aspartat aminotransferaze) and APPs such as haptoglobin and fibrinogen. Compared with control, ketoprofen administration decrease the levels of haptoglobin and fibrinogen and AST activity. Increase in albumin concentration was recorded in experimental group of cows compared with control. Negative correlations (P &lt; 0.01) were found between the haptoglobin concentration and albumin concentration and aspartate aminotransferaze activity. Discussion: As inflammatory indicator in dairy cows, it is recorded that serum concentrations of haptoglobin is increased during mastitis. Beside haptoglobin, fibrinogen represents one of the APPs whose serum concentration increases during response in the acute phase. During the first and second week after partus, in cows with acute puerperal metritis, an increase in fibrinogen concentration was observed in relation to clinically healthy animals. Based on our results, it can be concluded that an intramuscular injection of ketoprofen (3 mg × kg. bw.-1) administered in cows in the first days following parturition reduces the concentration of some APPs (haptoglobin and fibrinogen). In regard to Hp concentration, the treatment success agreed with previous results using i.m. acetyl-lysine salicylate during the first 5 days of lactation. Reduction in APPs concentration in our research results could be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effect of ketoprofen. In addition, use of ketoprofen reduces the intensity of relationship between inflammatory markers and indicators of liver funcition. Impaired functional capacity of the liver may be associated with reduced albumin concentration in the peripartal period, and during inflammatory or infectious diseases. Increase in albumin concentration in experimental group of cows compared to the control in our research could be attributed to the anti-inflammatory effect of ketoprofen. Hence it can be concluded that the use of ketoprofen immediately after calving reduces the intensity of relationship between inflammatory marker liver function and that NSAID treatment could be used in in improving animal well-being and controlling of the occurence and intesity of postpartum diseases

Uticaj aplikacije Niacina u peripartalnom periodu krava na proizvodnju mleka do postizanja pika laktacije

The aim of this study is to determine whether the use of niacin in the peripartum affects milk production in cows in the initial niacin early laktaciji.15 cows and 15 cows were presented a negative control. Niacin is managed through food orally. We used a preparation in a dose that allows access to the intestine, about 6-12g niacin / day. The application of niacin tendency towards positive action on the production of milk for 30 days of lactation (p <0.1), but this trend is lost if we look at a longer period from birth to 60.dana lactation. Although there were no statistically significant differences in milk production, from a practical point of view, it is important to determine the percentage of cows in the group who received niacin that had statistically significant higher milk production than in a group that did not get niacin. The analysis of frequency allocation, beta fixes and statistical power of the test is calculated that 60% of the cows showed significantly higher production of milk cows in the group who received niacin compared to control, but with the progress of lactation, this percentage decreases, and 60 days of lactation have only 26 , 6% of cows that are significantly higher milk production compared to the control. The use of niacin can improve milk production in cows in early lactation.Cilj ovog rada je da se utvrdi da li aplikacija niacina u peripartalnom periodu utiče na proizvodnju mleka kod krava u ranoj laktaciji.15 krava je primal niacin, a 15 krava su predstavljane negativnu kontrolu. Niacin je aplikovan putem hrane per os. Korišćen je preparat u dozi koja omogućuje dostupnost u crevima oko 6-12g niacina/dan. Aplikacija niacina pokazuje tendenciju pozitivnog delovanja na proizvodnju mleka do 30. dana laktacije (p<0,1), ali se ova tendencija gubi ako posmatramo širi period od partusa do 60.dana laktacije. Iako nije bilo statistički značajne razlike u proizvodnji mleka, sa praktičnog aspekta je značajno odrediti koji je to procenat krava u grupi koja je primala niacin koji je imao statistički značajno veću proizvodnju mleka u odnosu na grupu krava koja nije primala niacin. Analizom distribucija frekvencije, beta greške i statističke snage testa izračunato je da je 60% krava pokazalo statistički značajno veću proizvodnju mleka u grupi krava koja je primala niacin u odnosu na kontrolu, ali se sa napredovanjem laktacije taj procenat smanjuje, pa 60. dana laktacije imamo samo 26,6% krava koje su pokazale značajno veću proizvodnju mleka u odnosu na kontrolu. Upotreba niacina može poboljšati proizvodnju mleka kod krava u ranoj laktaciji

Uticaj metaboličkog statusa mlečnih krava u ranoj laktaciji na vrednost parametara laktacione krive

In 40 Holstein-Friesian cattle was examined metabolic profile in the first week after calving. Blood is drawn and the concentration of glucose, beta - hydroxybutyrate, total protein, albumin, urea, calcium and bilirubin. Milk production was recorded weakly and lactation curve was performed. Correlation coefficient between metabolic parameters and milk production in different periods of lactation were examined. There was a significant positive correlation between the concentration of glucose, calcium, urea and total protein in the first week after calving with milk production and persistency of lactation. There is a negative correlation between serum BHB and bilirubin with milk production and persistency of lactation. The correlation between milk production and these parameters are primarily expressed in the first 8 weeks of lactation. Metabolic status shows no correlation with the total milk production during lactation. The coefficients of determination as to the level of 10-16 %, which means that the degree of improvement in the metabolic status may enhance milk production in cows.Kod 40 krava Holštajn frizijske rase ispitan je metabolički profil u prvoj nedelji posle teljenja. Uzeta je krv i određena je koncentracija glukoze, betahidroksibutirata, ukupnih proteina, albumina, uree, kalcijuma i bilirubina. U laktaciji koja sredi određena je proizvodnja mleka tako da se može formirati laktaciona kriva. Ispitan je koeficijent korelacije između navedenih parametara metaboličkog profila i proizvodnje mleka u različitim periodima laktacije. Postoji značajna pozitivna korelacija između koncentracije glukoze, kalcijuma, uree i ukupnih proteina u prvoj nedelji posle teljenja sa proizvodnjom mleka i perzistencijom laktacije. Postoji negativna korelacija između koncentracije BHB i bilirubina sa proizvodnjom mleka i perzistencijom laktacije. Korelacija između proizvodnje mleka i navedenih parametara pre svega su izražene u prvih 8 nedelja laktacije. Metabolički status ne pokazuje korelaciju sa ukupnom proizvodnjom mleka tokom laktacije. Koeficijenti determinacije su na nivou 10-16%, što znači da se u ovoj meri poboljšanjem metaboličkog statusa može povećati proizvodnja mleka kod krava

Procena energetskog i proteinskog statusa mlečnih krava na osnovu sadržaja proteina, masti i uree u mleku

The objective of this study was to determine energy and protein status of dairzu cows on the basis changes of fat, protein and urea contents in milk. The experimental cows were assigned to three groups: Group 1 (n=12) including clinically healthy in the start lactation (7±3) days after calving , Group 2 (n=12) comprising clinically healthy cows in the early lactation (22±15) days after calving and Group 3 (n=12) made up of clinically healthy mid lactation cows (133±75) days of lactation. Milk samples were collected from all experimental cows. Milk samples were analysed for fat, protein and urea to estimate energy and protein status in the cows. In the groups cows in early lactation diet was adequate supplied with energy, but with sufficit in the protein.The cows are under state of strong negative energy balance. In the group of cows in mid lactation diet was optimal with energy, but with suficit in the protein.The cows were in mild negative energy billance. Estimation energy and protein status on the basis the changes of fat, proten and urea contents in the milk can be the efficiently diagnostic method in the farms of dairy cows,Cilj ovog rada je bio da se odredi energetski i proteinski status krava rase Holštajn na osnovu promena vrednosti koncentracija masti, uree i proteina u mleku tokom postpartalnog perioda i pune laktacije. Životinje su svrstane u tri grupe. U prvoj grupi (Grupa 1, n=12),) nalazile su se klinički zdrave krave na samom početku laktacije, kod kojih je mleko uzorkovano u periodu (7±3) dana posle teljenja. U drugoj grupi (Grupa 2 , n =12), su bile klinički zdrave krave kod kojih je mleko uzorkovano u periodu od 10 do 30 dana posle teljenja (22±15 dana), dok su u trećoj grupi (Grupa 3, n=12), bile klinički zdrave u punoj laktaciji i to u periodu od 90 do 150 dana laktacije (133± 75 dana). Iz uzorkovanog mleka određivane su koncentracije masti, proteina i uree. Na osnovu promena vrednosti masti, proteina i uree u mleku i njihovog međusobnog odnosa utvrđivan je energetski i proteinski status kod mlečnih krava. Kod grupa krava na početku laktacije na osnovu sastava mleka može se zaključiti da je obrok bio optimalno snabdeven sa energijom, ali postoji suficit proteina. Krave se nalaze u stanju izraženog negativnog bilansa energije. Kod grupe krave u punoj laktaciji obrok je bio optimalno snabdeven sa energijom, ali postoji suficit proteina. Krave se nalaze u stanju blagog negativnog bilansa energije. Procena energetskog i proteinskog statusa mlečnih krava na osnovu promena vrednosti masti, proteina i uree u mleku i njihovog međusobnog odnosa predstavlja pouzdanu i jeftinu i lako primenjivu dijagnostičku metodu na farmamam mlečnih krava