In vitro elicitation of intestinal immune Responses in Teleost Fish: evidence for a type IV hypersensitivity reaction in Rainbow Trout.

In fish the gut immune system has been the subject of few investigations until now. Here, we provide novel morphological and immunological data on the gut isolated from rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. The pyloric (P) and terminal (T) segments of trout gut, when morphologically examined, evidenced lymphocytes and macrophages (MO) loosely dispersed in the intestinal mucosa and in the lamina propria in the absence of typical Peyer's patches-like structures. Furthermore, incubation of P and T sections with Candida albicans (Ca) and functional analysis of supernatants generated some interesting results. In fact, active supernatants, when compared with controls, exhibited cytokine-like activities attributable to the presence of interferon (IFN)-gamma and migration inhibiting factor (MIF), respectively. In particular, IFN-gamma-like activity gave rise to an enhancement of Ca phagocytosis by MO, whereas MIF inhibited MO migration in agarose. Taken together, these in vitro data suggest that the gut-associated lymphoreticular tissue in fish possesses the appropriate armamentarium to mount a type IV hypersensitivity response when challenged by microbial antigens

Lymphoreticular system in fish: erythrocyte-mediated immunomodulation of macrophages contributes to the formation of melanomacrophage centers

In fish, melanomacrophage centers (MMC) represent the equivalent of germinal centers of birds and mammals. They consist of aggregates of macrophages filled with fragments of cells, mainly erythrocytes, and various pigments such as haemosiderin, lipofuscin and melanin. The kidney, the spleen and the liver contain many MMC either moving freely or encapsulated in the context of the lymphoreticular tissue. Here, we have demonstrated for the first time that MMC exist in the kidney, spleen and liver of the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson by using traditional stainings and cytoenzymatic methods: Periodic Acid-Shiff, α-Naphthyl Acetate Esterase and Peroxidase. Finally, in the view of the already described peripheral interaction between fish erythrocytes (FE) and macrophages (MØ), it will be postulated that these cellular aggregates (rosettes) travel to distant organs, thus contributing to the formation of MMC in the kidney, in the spleen and in the liver

Depression of cellular immunity correlated to stress: questions on welfare and protection in italian trotters after running performance

In all Equestrian sports, the welfare of the horse must be paramount and must never be subordinated to competitive or commercial influences. It is necessary to prohibit any training methods which are abusive or cause fear or for which the horse has not been properly trained. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of prolonged and intensive physical training on the immune response in trotter horses in order to recommend at the legislator the adoption of guidelines for the welfare of these animals. In fact, during their athletic life and some of them undergo lethal lung infections, therefore it is likely that modifications of physiologic cellular parameters could account for the increased susceptibility to microbial disease. Noteworthy, chronic stress has been shown to be immunosuppressive, whereas acute stress seems to lead to immunoenhancing effects. In particular, we have studied some immune parameters as blood cells distribution, hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, phagocytosis activity, macrophage Migration Inhibiting Factor (MIF) and finally the levels of (1-3)-ß-D-Glucan, as indicator of clearance. Taken together, these findings indicate a condition of reduced immune response in seven trotters after race, to identify possible biomarkers of stress dependent on physical exercise

Acute kidney injury associated with infective endocarditis: hemoadsorption (Cytosorb (R) adsorber) in combination with CRRT as a valid therapeutic option. A case report

Patients with septic shock are at a remarkably higher riskfor developing severe vasoplegia and multiorgan failure. Case reportsand case series published recently demonstrated that CytoSorbÒtreat-ment in patients with septic shock results in improved hemodynamics,significant decrease in vasopressordose and effective removal of pro-inflammatory cytokines after 24 h of application [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. This casereport also highlights the potential effects of CytoSorbÒin controllingperioperative vasoplegia, likely modulating postoperative inflammatoryresponse and clinical outcome. In addition, the early use of the Cyto-SorbÒmay significantly reduce the need of postoperative renalreplacement therapy, favoring a rapid recovery of renal functio