Novel Class Discovery for Long-tailed Recognition

While the novel class discovery has recently made great progress, existing methods typically focus on improving algorithms on class-balanced benchmarks. However, in real-world recognition tasks, the class distributions of their corresponding datasets are often imbalanced, which leads to serious performance degeneration of those methods. In this paper, we consider a more realistic setting for novel class discovery where the distributions of novel and known classes are long-tailed. One main challenge of this new problem is to discover imbalanced novel classes with the help of long-tailed known classes. To tackle this problem, we propose an adaptive self-labeling strategy based on an equiangular prototype representation of classes. Our method infers high-quality pseudo-labels for the novel classes by solving a relaxed optimal transport problem and effectively mitigates the class biases in learning the known and novel classes. We perform extensive experiments on CIFAR100, ImageNet100, Herbarium19 and large-scale iNaturalist18 datasets, and the results demonstrate the superiority of our method. Our code is available at https://github.com/kleinzcy/NCDLR.Comment: TMLR2023, Final versio

Inhibition of G1P3 expression found in the differential display study on respiratory syncytial virus infection

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading viral pathogen associated with bronchiolitis and lower respiratory tract disease in infants and young children worldwide. The respiratory epithelium is the primary initiator of pulmonary inflammation in RSV infections, which cause significant perturbations of global gene expression controlling multiple cellular processes. In this study, differential display reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification was performed to examine mRNA expression in a human alveolar cell line (SPC-A1) infected with RSV.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the 2,500 interpretable bands on denaturing polyacrylamide gels, 40 (1.6%) cDNA bands were differentially regulated by RSV, in which 28 (70%) appeared to be upregulated and another 12 (30%) appeared to be downregulated. Forty of the expressed sequence tags (EST) were isolated, and 20 matched homologs in GenBank. RSV infection upregulated the mRNA expression of chemokines CC and CXC and interfered with type α/β interferon-inducible gene expression by upregulation of MG11 and downregulation of G1P3.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>RSV replication could induce widespread changes in gene expression including both positive and negative regulation and play a different role in the down-regulation of IFN-α and up-regulation of IFN-γ inducible gene expression, which suggests that RSV interferes with the innate antiviral response of epithelial cells by multiple mechanisms.</p

The roles of fungus in CNS autoimmune and neurodegeneration disorders

Fungal infection or proliferation in our body is capable of initiation of strong inflammation and immune responses that result in different consequences, including infection-trigged organ injury and inflammation-related remote organ dysfunction. Fungi associated infectious diseases have been well recognized in the clinic. However, whether fungi play an important role in non-infectious central nervous system disease is still to be elucidated. Recently, a growing amount of evidence point to a non-negligible role of peripheral fungus in triggering unique inflammation, immune response, and exacerbation of a range of non-infectious CNS disorders, including Multiple sclerosis, Neuromyelitis optica, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis et al. In this review, we summarized the recent advances in recognizing patterns and inflammatory signaling of fungi in different subsets of immune cells, with a specific focus on its function in CNS autoimmune and neurodegeneration diseases. In conclusion, the fungus is capable of triggering unique inflammation by multiple mechanisms in the progression of a body of CNS non-infectious diseases, suggesting it serves as a key factor and critical novel target for the development of potential therapeutic strategies

Few-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser: Optional emission of transverse modes with different polarizations

Few-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers that can be controlled to emit certain modes and polarization states simply by changing the biased contacts are proposed and fabricated. By directly etching trenches in the p-doped distributed Bragg reflector, the upper mesa is separated into several submesas above the oxide layer. Individual contacts are then deposited. Each contact is used to control certain transverse modes with different polarization directions emitted from the corresponding submesa. These new devices can be seen as a prototype of compact laser sources in mode division multiplexing communications systems

Using AGREE II reporting checklist to evaluate the quality of Tuina clinical practice guidelines

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to evaluate the methodological quality of Tuina clinical practice guidelines (CPGs).MethodsComputer searches of China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Technical Periodicals (VIP), Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and other databases were conducted to search for published guidelines on Tuina, with a search time frame from database creation to March 2021. Four evaluators independently used the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation II instrument to evaluate the quality of the included guidelines.ResultsA total of eight guidelines related to Tuina were included in this study. The quality of reporting was low in all included guidelines. The highest quality report had a total score of 404 and was rated as “highly recommended.” The worst guideline had a final score of 241 and was rated as “not recommended.” Overall, 25% of the included guidelines were recommended for clinical use, 37.5% were recommended after revision, and 37.5% were not recommended.ConclusionThe number of existing Tuina clinical practice guidelines is limited. The methodological quality is low, far from the internationally accepted clinical practice guideline development and reporting norms. In the future, reporting specifications of guidelines and the methodology of guideline development, including the rigor of the guideline development process, the clarity, application, and independence of reporting, should be emphasized in the development of the Tuina guidelines. These initiatives could improve the quality and applicability of clinical practice guidelines to guide and standardize the clinical practice of Tuina

Graphene/silicon heterojunction for reconfigurable phase-relevant activation function in coherent optical neural networks

Optical neural networks (ONNs) herald a new era in information and communication technologies and have implemented various intelligent applications. In an ONN, the activation function (AF) is a crucial component determining the network performances and on-chip AF devices are still in development. Here, we first demonstrate on-chip reconfigurable AF devices with phase activation fulfilled by dual-functional graphene/silicon (Gra/Si) heterojunctions. With optical modulation and detection in one device, time delays are shorter, energy consumption is lower, reconfigurability is higher and the device footprint is smaller than other on-chip AF strategies. The experimental modulation voltage (power) of our Gra/Si heterojunction achieves as low as 1 V (0.5 mW), superior to many pure silicon counterparts. In the photodetection aspect, a high responsivity of over 200 mA/W is realized. Special nonlinear functions generated are fed into a complex-valued ONN to challenge handwritten letters and image recognition tasks, showing improved accuracy and potential of high-efficient, all-component-integration on-chip ONN. Our results offer new insights for on-chip ONN devices and pave the way to high-performance integrated optoelectronic computing circuits