Tumor Organoids for Primary Liver Cancers: A Systematic Review of Current Applications in Diagnostics, Disease Modeling, and Drug Screening

Background/AimsLiver cancer ranks third in cancer-related deaths globally, projected to exceed one millionannually by 2030. Existing therapies have significant limitations, including severe sideeffects and inconsistent efficacy. Innovative therapeutic approaches to address primary livercancer (PLC) have led to the ongoing development of tumor-derived organoids. These aresophisticated three-dimensional structures capable of mimicking native tissue architectureand function in vitro, improving our ability to model in vivo homeostasis and disease.MethodsThis systematic review consolidates known literature on human and mouse liver organoidsacross all PLC subtypes, emphasizing diagnostic precision, disease modeling, and drugscreening capabilities.ResultsAcross all 39 included studies, organoids were frequently patient derived organoids (PDO),closely followed by cancer cell line derived organoids (CCO). The literature concentrated onHepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), whileexploration of other subtypes was limited. These studies demonstrate a valuable role for PLCorganoid cultures in biomarker discovery, disease modeling, and therapeutic exploration.ConclusionsEncouraging advancements such as organoid-on-a-chip and co-culturing systems presentpromising prospects in advancing treatment regimens for PLC. Standardizing in vitroprotocols is crucial to integrate research breakthroughs into practical treatment strategies forPLC.Impact and ImplicationsThis review underscores the expanding utility of PLC organoids across therapeutic discovery,diagnostics, and disease modeling. PDOs replicate many tumor characteristics. Novel genesfrom HCC organoids offer promising biomarkers for personalized treatments. Innovativemethodologies, like microfluidic chips, enhance organoid culture reproducibility. Despitelimitations, co-culturing, and organ-on-a-chip show potential in better mimicking the in vivo tumor microenvironment. These advancements position PLC organoids as crucial tools forpersonalized cancer therapy, biomarker discovery, and disease modeling, with ongoingprotocol standardization efforts essential for clinical applications.<br/

Development of lower limb rehabilitation evaluation system based on virtual reality technology

Nowadays, with the development of the proportion of the elderly population in the world, several problems caused by the population aging gradually into people's horizons. One of the biggest problems plagued the vast majority of the elderly is hemiplegia, which leads to the vigorous development of the physical therapists. However, these traditional methods of physical therapy mainly rely on the skill of the physical therapists. In order to make up the defects of traditional methods, many research groups have developed different kinds of robots for lower limb rehabilitation training but most of them can only realize passive training which cannot adopt rehabilitation training based on the patients' individual condition effectively and they do not have a rehabilitation evaluation system to assess the real time training condition of the hemiplegic patients effectively. In order to solve the problems above, this paper proposed a lower limb rehabilitation evaluation system which is based on the virtual reality technology. This system has an easy observation of the human-computer interaction interface and the doctor is able to adjust the rehabilitation training direct at different patients in different rehabilitation stage based on this lower limb rehabilitation evaluation system. Compared with current techniques, this novel lower limb rehabilitation evaluation system is expected to have significant impacts in medical rehabilitation robot field

A New Method of 3D Facial Expression Animation

Animating expressive facial animation is a very challenging topic within the graphics community. In this paper, we introduce a novel ERI (expression ratio image) driving framework based on SVR and MPEG-4 for automatic 3D facial expression animation. Through using the method of support vector regression (SVR), the framework can learn and forecast the regression relationship between the facial animation parameters (FAPs) and the parameters of expression ratio image. Firstly, we build a 3D face animation system driven by FAP. Secondly, through using the method of principle component analysis (PCA), we generate the parameter sets of eigen-ERI space, which will rebuild reasonable expression ratio image. Then we learn a model with the support vector regression mapping, and facial animation parameters can be synthesized quickly with the parameters of eigen-ERI. Finally, we implement our 3D face animation system driving by the result of FAP and it works effectively

Effect of Bubble Surface Properties on Bubble–Particle Collision Efficiency in Froth Flotation

In research on the particle&ndash;bubble collision process, due to the adsorption of surfactants and impurities (such as mineral particles, slime, etc.), most studies consider the bubble surface environment to be immobile. However, in the real situation of froth flotation, the nature of the bubble surface (degree of slip) is unknown. Mobile surface bubbles increase the critical thickness of the hydration film rupture between particles and bubbles, and enhance the collision between particles and bubbles. Sam (1996) showed that when the diameter of the bubble is large enough, a part of the surface of the bubble can be transformed into a mobile state. When the bubble rises in a surfactant solution, the surface pollutants are swept to the end of the bubble, so when the bubble reaches terminal velocity, the upper surface of the bubble is changed into a mobile surface. This paper analyzes the collision efficiency and fluid flow pattern of bubbles with mobile and immobile surfaces, and expounds the influence of surface properties on collision efficiency

Adsorption of Anionic Polyacrylamide onto Coal and Kaolinite Calculated from the Extended DLVO Theory Using the van Oss-Chaudhury-Good Theory

The dispersion behavior of particles is of great significance in selective flocculation flotation. The interfacial interaction between coal and the main impurity mineral (kaolinite) particles with the effect of an anionic polyacrylamide (PAM A401) was explored by the extended Derjagin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory. The involved surface free energy components of fine mineral particles were estimated using the van Oss-Chaudhury-Good theory and Washburn equation. After adsorption of PAM A401, the range and absolute value of the hydrophobic interaction VHA of the coal particles decreased, the electrostatic repulsive potential increased, and the total potential energy changed from −1.66 × 105 to −4.03 × 104 kT at the separation distance of 5 nm. For interactions between the kaolinite and coal particles after PAM A401 adsorption, the electrostatic repulsive potential increased and the hydrophilic repulsive potential energy decreased. The energy barrier at the separation distance of 0.2 nm decreased from 2.78 × 104 to 2.29 × 104 kT. The total potential energy between the kaolinite and coal particles after PAM A401 adsorption was still repulsive, and the range of the repulsive interaction increased from ~0.05 to 47 nm to ~0.05 to 50 nm. The total potential energy of the coal particles after PAM A401 adsorption was still attractive. This behavior of coal and kaolinite particles with the effect of PAM A401 indicates the possibility of enhanced fine coal separation by the method of selective flocculation flotation

Investigation on Gold–Ligand Interaction for Complexes from Gold Leaching: A DFT Study

Gold leaching is an important process to extract gold from ore. Conventional alkaline cyanide process and alternative nontoxic lixiviants including thiosulfate, thiourea, thiocyanate, and halogen have been widely investigated. However, density functional theory (DFT) study on the gold complexes Au(CN)2−, Au(S2O3)23−, Au[SC(NH2)2]2+, Au(SCN)2−, and AuCl2− required for discovering and designing new highly efficient and environmentally friendly gold leaching reagents is lacking, which is expected to support constructive information for the discovery and designation of new high-efficiency and environmentally friendly gold leaching reagents. In this study, the structure information, electron-transferring properties, orbital interaction, and chemical bond composition for complexes Au(CN)2−, Au(S2O3)23−, Au[SC(NH2)2]2+, Au(SCN)2−, and AuCl2− depending on charge decomposition analysis (CDA), natural bond orbital (NBO), natural resonance theory (NRT), electron localization function (ELF), and energy decomposition analysis (EDA) were performed based on DFT calculation. The results indicate that there is not only σ-donation from ligand to Au+, but also electron backdonation from Au+ to ligands, which strengthens the coordinate bond between them. Compared with Cl−, ligands CN−, S2O32−, SC(NH2)2, and SCN− have very large covalent contribution to the coordinate bond with Au+, which explains the special stability of Au-CN and Au-S bonds. The degree of covalency and bond energy in Au–ligand bonding decreases from Au(CN)2−, Au(S2O3)23−, Au[SC(NH2)2]2+, Au(SCN)2−, to AuCl2−, which interprets the stability of the five complexes: Au(CN)2− > Au(S2O3)23− > Au[SC(NH2)2]2+ > Au(SCN)2− > AuCl2−

Synergy Effect between Sodium Oleate and Alcohol Ethoxylates on the Reverse Flotation of Quartz

In this study, an optimized method was presented for the reverse quartz flotation in iron ore purification where sodium oleate (NaOL) was always selected as the collector due to its accessibility and economic benefits. Three alcohol ethoxylates, octylphenol ethoxylate (OP-10), nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP-10) and fatty alcohol ethoxylates (AEO-9) were introduced to improve the collecting performance of NaOL in the reverse flotation of quartz. It turned out that the addition of alcohol ethoxylates was helpful to increase the recovery of quartz in the flotation with the order of OP-10 > NP-10 > AEO-9. To characterize the adsorption of NaOL on activated quartz in different surfactant systems, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) were employed. Furthermore, the contact angles of the quartz surface that interacted with different surfactant systems were measured to investigate the synergy effect of NaOL and alcohol ethoxylates on the hydrophobicity of quartz. It turned out that alcohol ethoxylates promoted the adsorption of NaOL on the activated quartz, resulting in an increase in the hydrophobicity of quartz also in the order of OP-10 > NP-10 > AEO-9, which well explained the flotation results. Regular Solution Theory (RST) and the dilution effect based on the surface tension analysis were utilized to elucidate the synergy mechanism between NaOL and the alcohol ethoxylate

Synthesis of methylenebisamides using CC- or DCMT-activated DMSO

Bisamides are key fragments for the introduction of gem-diaminoalkyl residues into retroinverso pseudopeptide derivatives and in the synthesis of peptidomimetic compounds. The literature methods for these types of compounds have certain drawbacks. In particular, when amides react with electrophile-activated DMSO, the yields are rather low. We have found new electrophiles, 2,4,6-trichloro[1,3,5]triazine (CC) and 2,4-dichloro-6-methoxy[1,3,5]triazine (DCMT), which activate DMSO in the presence of amides to yield methylenebisamides in good to fair yields. The amides can be aromatic or aliphatic. The operation is simple and the reagents are inexpensive

3,3-Dimethyl-10-(4-methoxyphenyl)-9-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10-decahydroacridine-1,8-dioneContribution No. 20272019.

The title compound, C28H28N2O5, consists of a partially hydrogenated acridine ring system with two substituted phenyl substituents on the dihydropyridine ring which are both nearly perpendicular to the mean plane of the acridine unit [dihedral angles of 81.3&#8197;(1) and 89.6&#8197;(1)&#176; between the central ring of acridine and the methoxyphenyl and nitrophenyl rings, respectively]. The dihydropyridine ring is almost planar, whereas both the outer unsymmetrical six-membered rings adopt half-chair conformations

Oscillatory Rheology of Three-Phase Coal Froths: Effects of Ionic Strength

The rheologic properties of a three-phase coal froth are critical to understanding the interfacial properties that are associated with its stability. Due to the fragile nature of froth, oscillatory rheology was used to make sure that the froths were not damaged during measurement. To reveal the relationship between a coal froth’s rheology and its stability, oscillatory rheology was used in this study. The viscoelastic behaviors of coal froths were analyzed, which illustrated that the storage modulus (G′) of a coal froth is larger than its loss modulus (G″), showing that coal froth is solid-like. The complex viscosity of the coal froths decreased with an increase in angular frequency, meaning that coal froth is shear-thinning. The dependence of froth rheology on ionic strength was investigated, which showed that an increase in ionic strength led to an enhancement of the storage modulus G′, as well as a decrease in tanδ (G″/G′). The coal froths tended to be more rigid and viscous with an increase in ionic strength. The mechanism of the effect of ionic strength on froth rheology was explored using electrical double layers, cryo-SEM, and particle fractions. As the ionic strength increased, the thickness of the electrical double layer decreased, which strengthened the interaction between the particles in the froth; in addition, the solid fraction in the froth increased with an increase in the ionic strength, so the value of G′ and the froth’s stability both increased