Trends and disparities in disease burden of age-related macular degeneration from 1990 to 2019: Results from the global burden of disease study 2019

ObjectivesThis study aims to estimate the trends and disparities in the worldwide burden for health of AMD, overall and by age, sex, socio-demographic index (SDI), region, and nation using prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019.MethodsThis retrospective study presents the prevalent AMD cases and YLDs from 1990–2019, as well as the age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR) and age-standardized YLD rate (ASYR) of AMD. To measure changes over time, estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) of the age-standardized rates (ASRs) were analyzed globally, then studied further by sex, SDI, region, and nation. We included data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database to examine AMD prevalence and YLDs from 1990–2019 in 204 countries and territories, as well as demographic information such as age, sex, SDI, region, and nation.ResultsGlobally, the number of prevalent AMD cases increased from 3,581,329.17 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 3,025,619.4–4,188,835.7) in 1990 to 7,792,530 (95% UI, 6,526,081.5–9,159,394.9) in 2019, and the number of YLDs increased from 296,771.93 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 205,462.8–418,699.82) in 1990 to 564,055.1 (95% UI, 392,930.7–789,194.64) in 2019. The ASPR of AMD had a decreased trend with an EAPC of −0.15 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.2 to −0.11) from 1990 to 2019, and the ASYR of AMD showed a decreased trend with an EAPC of −0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.78 to −0.65) during this period. The prevalence and YLDs of AMD in adults over 50 years of age showed a significant increase. The prevalence and YLDs of AMD were significantly higher in females than males, overall. The ASPRs and ASYRs in low SDI regions was greater than in high SDI regions from 1990 to 2019. In addition, increases in prevalence and YLDs differed by regions and nations, as well as level of socio-economic development.ConclusionThe number of prevalent cases and YLDs due to AMD increased over 30 years and were directly linked to age, sex, socio-economic status, and geographic location. These findings can not only guide public health work but also provide an epidemiological basis for global strategy formulation regarding this global health challenge

2,4,5-Tris(pyridin-4-yl)-1H-imidazole monohydrate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C18H13N5·H2O, adjacent mol­ecules are linked by O—H⋯N and N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating a chain propagating along [001]

龙江医派和地理环境关系探述

This article through to the TCM faction of Longjiang in geography, climate, etc, the analysis of the ancient and modern, combined with traditional Chinese medicine theory and the generation of the acknowledgement to the understanding of the concept of holism, pointed out that in the history of the TCM, from breeding, germination to gradually expanding, its unique dialectical treatment system and geographic environment has an inseparable relationship.本文通过对龙江医派所处的地理、气候等方面古代和现代的分析，结合中医传统理论和各代医家对整体观的认识，指出龙江医派在祖国中医药事业的发展史中，从孕育、萌芽到逐步壮大，其独特的辩证论治体系与所处的地理环境有着不可分割的关系

On-chip topological transport of optical frequency combs in silicon-based valley photonic crystals

The generation and control of optical frequency combs in integrated photonic systems enables complex, high-controllable, and large-scale devices. In parallel, harnessing topological physics in multipartite systems has allowed them with compelling features such as robustness against fabrication imperfections. Here we experimentally demonstrate on-chip topological transport for optical frequency combs at telecommunication wavelengths, both in classical and nonclassical domains. We access both the quantum frequency combs and dissipative Kerr soliton combs with a micro-resonator. The quantum frequency comb, that is, a coherent superposition of multiple frequency modes, is proven to be a frequency-entangled qudit state. We also show that dissipative Kerr soliton combs are highly coherent and mode-locked due to the collective coherence or self-organization of solitons. Moreover, the valley kink states allow both quantum frequency combs and dissipative Kerr soliton combs with robustness against sharp bends. Our topologically protected optical frequency combs could enable the inherent robustness in integrated complex photonic systems.Comment: 20 pages,12 figure

Influencing factors and clinical significance of the metastatic lymph nodes ratio in gastric adenocarcinoma

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To investigate influencing factors of the metastatic lymph nodes ratio (MLR) and whether it is related to survival in patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We retrospectively evaluated the clinical features of 121 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma enrolled in our hospital between 2000 and 2007. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the cutoff of the MLR, and CK20 immunohistochemical staining was used to detect micrometastasis of the lymph nodes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The areas under the ROC curve of MLR used to predict the death of 3-year and 5-year postoperative patients were 0.826 ± 0.053 and 0.896 ± 0.046. Thus MLR = 30.95% and MLR = 3.15% were designated as cutoffs. The MLR was then classified into three groups: MLR₁(MLR<3.15%); MLR₂(3.15% ≤ MLR ≤ 30.95%); and MLR₃(MLR>30.95%). We found that patients with a higher MLR demonstrated a much poorer survival period after radical operation than those patients with a lower MLR (P = 0.000). The COX model showed that MLR was an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.000). The MLR could also discriminate between subsets of patients with different 5-year survival periods within the same N stage (P < 0.05). The MLR has been shown to be 34.7% (242/697) by HE staining and 43.5% (303/697) by CK staining (P = 0.001). The clinicopathological characteristics of lymph vessel invasion and the depth of invasion could significantly affect the MLR.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>MLR is an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer. The combined ROC curve with MLR is an effective strategy to produce a curve to predict the 3-year and 5-year survival rates.</p

The cross-reactivity of the enterovirus 71 to human brain tissue and identification of the cross-reactivity related fragments

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>EV71 occasionally cause a series of severe neurological symptoms, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and poliomyelitis-like paralysis. However, the neurological destruction mechanism was remained to be clarified. This study described the cross reaction between EV71 induced IgG and human brain tissue.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Cross reaction of the IgG from 30 EV71 infected patients' sera to human tissues of cerebra was observed, which suggested that some EV71 antigens could induce IgG cross-reactivity to human cerebra. To identify the regions of EV71 virus that containing above antigens, the polypeptide of virus was divided into 19 peptides by expression in prokaryotes cell. Mouse anti-sera of these peptides was prepared and applied in immunohistochemical staining with human adult and fetus brain tissue, respectively. The result indicated the 19 peptides can be classified into three groups: strong cross-reactivity, weak cross-reactivity and no cross-reactivity with human brain tissue according the cross reaction activity. Then, the increased Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability and permits IgG entry in neonatal mice after EV71 infection was determined.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>EV71 induced IgG could enter BBB and cross-reacted with brain tissue in EV71 infected neonatal mice, and then the peptides of EV71 that could induce cross-reactivity with brain tissue were identified, which should be avoided in future vaccine designing.</p

Single-shot, full characterization of the spatial wavefunction of light fields via Stokes tomography

Since the diffraction behavior of a light field is fully determined by its spatial wavefunction, i.e., its spatial complex amplitude (SCA), full characterization of spatial wavefunction, plays a vital role in modern optics from both the fundamental and applied aspects. In this work, we present a novel complex-amplitude profiler based on spatial Stokes tomography with the capability to fully determine the SCA of a light field in a single shot with high precision and resolution. The SCA slice observed at any propagation plane provides complete information about the light field, thus allowing us to further retrieve the complete beam structure in 3 dimensions space, as well as the exact modal constitution in terms of spatial degrees of freedom. The principle demonstrated here provides an important advancement for the full characterization of light beams with a broad spectrum of potential applications in various areas of optics, especially for the growing field of structured light